Time Travel Research Center © 2005 Cetin BAL - GSM:+90  05366063183 - Turkey/Denizli 

Space-Time Engineering

But this was supposed to be a conservative implementation, utilizing nothing more exotic than directed ultrarelativistic neutron stars.
Mitch Porter

This section deals with technology and science which uses the properties of  space-time in novel ways, or actually changes the properties (like wormholes and basement universes ). These technologies are naturally very speculative at present, but the scientific results below give an inkling of what may be possible.

WORMHOLE: A postulated topological structure in general relativity, where a space-time "tunnel" links two distant points with a shortcut. Whether they can be physically realized is not known, and they seem to require exotic matter to be stable. If they can exist, and can be built, they could provide a possible way to travel faster than light (in a global sense, since locally the travellers would move slower than light). For more information, see Traversable Wormholes by Michael Clive Price.

Artificial gravity. A short description of the torus method of Robert Forward of creating (a rather weak) gravity field.

The gravitational wave rocket by W. B. Bonnor and M. S. Piper. In principle it ought to be possible to move a rocket using gravitational waves.

FTL - Faster Than Light Travel

Travelling faster than light is an old dream, complicated due to relativity and causality (FTL travel can cause causal loops in relativity). One way of achiving extreme speeds in general relativity is to employ suitable warps of spacetime, but the principal difficulties are severe. Another kind of solution is wormholes.

The Warp Drive: Hyper-Fast Travel Within General Relativity by Miguel Alcubierre (Class. Quantum Grav. 11 (1994), L73-L77). Demonstrates that by manipulating spacetime locally, a spaceship can move faster than light as measured by the rest of the universe.

"Class Quant Grav 11 (1994) 73-77 ISSN 0264-9381"

The Warp Drive: Hyper-Fast Travel Within General Relativity

Miguel Alcubierre
Class. Quantum Grav. 11 (1994), L73-L77.

Abstract:
It is shown how, within the framework of general relativity and without the introduction of wormholes, it is
possible to modify a spacetime in a way that allows a spaceship to travel with an arbitrarily large speed. By a
purely local expansion of spacetime behind the spaceship and an opposite contraction in front of it, motion faster than the speed of light as seen by observers outside the disturbed region is possible. The resulting distortion is reminiscent of the ``warp drive'' of science fiction. However, just as it happens with wormholes, exotic matter will be needed in order to generate a distortion of spacetime like the one discussed here.

When we study special relativity we learn that nothing can travel faster than the speed of light. This fact is still true in general relativity, though in this case one must be somewhat more precise: in general relativity, nothing can travel  faster than the speed of light. Since our everyday experience is based on an Euclidean space, it is natural to believe that if nothing can travel locally faster than light then given two places that are separated by a spatial proper distance, it is impossible to make a round trip between them in a time less than ..., (where ...., is the speed of light), as measured by an observer that remains always at the place of departure. Of course, from our knowledge of special relativity we know that the time measured by the person making the round trip can be made arbitrarily small if his (or her) speed approaches that of light. However, the fact that within the framework of general relativity and without the need to introduce non-trivial topologies (wormholes), one can actually make such a round trip in an arbitrarily short time as measured by an observer that remained at rest will probably come as a surprise to many people.

Hyper-fast interstellar travel in general relativity by S. V. Krasnikov. A paper that demonstrates some limitations on FTL travel.
Quantum effects in the Alcubierre warp drive spacetime by William A. Hiscock. Quantum effects seems to prevent the use of the Alcubierre drive due to divergence of the stress-energy tensor as lightspeed is approached.
The unphysical nature of "Warp Drive" by Michael J. Pfenning and L.H. Ford. Another major problem with the Alcubierre drive.
Superluminal travel requires negative energies by Ken D. Olum. Superluminal travel violates the weak energy condition (like most other stuff on this page).

Faster Than Light ? by J. E. Maiorino and W. A. Rodrigues Jr. Discusses some electromagnetic field configurations that appear to move faster than light, and how they relate to the principle of relativity.
A `warp drive' with more reasonable total energy requirements by Chris Van Den Broeck A way of making the Alcubierre warp more "physical" by exploiting a movable basement universe. He has another paper, On the (im)possibility of warp bubbles, that discusses some of the objections.

STAR TREK WARP DRIVE NOT IMPOSSIBLE

BY CLARA MOSKOWITZ

The warp drive, one of Star Trek’s hallmark inventions, could someday become science instead of science fiction.

Some physicists say the faster-than-light travel technology may one day enable humans to jet between stars for weekend getaways. Clearly it won’t be an easy task. The science is complex, but not strictly impossible, according to some researchers studying how to make it happen.

The trick seems to be to find some other means of propulsion besides rockets, which would never be able to accelerate a ship to velocities faster than that of light, the fundamental speed limit set by Einstein’s General Relativity.

Luckily for us, this speed limit only applies within space-time (the continuum of three dimensions of space plus one of time that we live in). While any given object can’t travel faster than light speed within space-time, theory holds, perhaps space-time itself could travel.

“The idea is that you take a chunk of space-time and move it,” said Marc Millis, former head of NASA’s Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Project. “The vehicle inside that bubble thinks that it’s not moving at all. It’s the space-time that’s moving.”

Already happened?

One reason this idea seems credible is that scientists think it may already have happened. Some models suggest that space-time expanded at a rate faster than light speed during a period of rapid inflation shortly after the Big Bang.

“If it could do it for the Big Bang, why not for our space drives?” Millis said.

To make the technique feasible, scientists will have to think of some creative new means of propulsion to move space-time rather than a spaceship.

According to General Relativity, any concentration of mass or energy warps space-time around it (by this reasoning, gravity is simply the curvature of space-time that causes smaller masses to fall inward toward larger masses).

So perhaps some unique geometry of mass or exotic form of energy can manipulate a bubble of space-time so that it moves faster than light-speed, and carries any objects within it along for the ride.

“If we find some way to alter the properties of space-time in an imbalanced fashion, so behind the spacecraft it’s doing one thing and in front of it it’s doing something else, will then space-time push on the craft and move it?” Millis said. This idea was first proposed in 1994 by physicist Miguel Alcubierre.

In the lab

Already some studies have claimed to find possible signatures of moving space-time. For example, scientists rotated super-cold rings in a lab. They found that still gyroscopes placed above the rings seem to think they themselves are rotating simply because of the presence of the spinning rings beneath. The researchers postulated that the ultra-cold rings were somehow dragging space-time, and the gyroscope was detecting the effect.

Other studies found that the region between two parallel uncharged metal plates seems to have less energy than the surrounding space. Scientists have termed this a kind of “negative energy,” which might be just the thing needed to move space-time.

The catch is that massive amounts of this negative energy would probably be required to warp space-time enough to transport a bubble faster than light speed. Huge breakthroughs will be needed not just in propulsion but in energy. Some experts think harnessing the mysterious force called dark energy — thought to power the acceleration of the universe’s expansion — could provide the key.

Even though it’s a far cry between these preliminary lab results and actual warp drives, some physicists are optimistic.

“We still don’t even know if those things are possible or impossible, but at least we’ve progressed far enough to where there are things that we can actually research to chip away at the unknowns,” Millis told SPACE.com. “Even if they turn out to be impossible, by asking these questions, we’re likely to discover things that otherwise we might overlook.”

Why We Need to Reach the Stars (and We Will)

We reached the Moon in a tin can, built a humble space station, and have a plan to reach Mars in a bigger tin can. But we need to reach the stars. And we will.

Yes, I know what you are thinking: “It’s impossible.”

And right now, you are right. Our current propulsion engines are, simply put, pathetic. We are still in the Stone Age of space travel. As cool as they are, rocket engines—which eject gas at high speeds through a nozzle on the back of a spacecraft—are extremely inefficient, requiring huge volumes of fuel that runs out faster than you can say “Beam me up, Scotty.”

Solid boosters, hybrid, monopropellant, bipropellant rockets… all these would be impossible to use in interstellar travel, with maximum speeds going up to a maximum of 9 kilometers per second. Rockets won’t work even using the effect of planetary gravity to gain impulse. Voyager—the fastest man-made spacecraft out there racing at 17 kilometers per second—would need 74,000 years in deep space to reach Proxima Centauri, the red dwarf star located at 4.22 light-years in the Alpha Centauri system, the closest to our Sun.

But even if we were able to build a massive spacecraft with today’s experimental—but feasible—propulsion technology, it will still take thousand of years to reach Alpha Centauri. Using nuclear explosions—like the ones proposed in the Orion project—would be more efficient than rockets, achieving a maximum of 60 kilometers per second. That’s still a whopping 21,849 years and a couple months.

Using ion thrusters—which use electrostatic or electromagnetic force to accelerate ions that in turn push the spacecraft forward—would only reduce that amount marginally. Even theoretical technology—like nuclear pulse propulsion, with speeds up to 15,000 kilometers per second—won’t cut it. And that’s assuming we can find a way for these engines to last all that time. And let’s not even get into the resources and engineering needed to create a vessel capable of sustaining life for such a long period of time.

All to reach a stupid red dwarf with no planets to explore. We may as well not go, really. You know, let’s just save Earth from our own destruction and colonise Mars or Titan or Europa (if the aliens let us do that.)

Our ignorance is our only hope

It gets even worse. Our current understanding of physics—which says that nothing can travel faster than light—basically establishes that we will never be able to achieve space travel in a way that is meaningful to Humanity. In other words, even if we are able to discover a propulsion method that could get a spacecraft close to the speed of light, it will still take hundred of years to reach an star system with planets similar to Earth. By the time the news get back to us, we all will be dead.

And that’s precisely the key to our only hope to reach the stars: Our ignorance. As much as we have advanced, we are still clueless about many things. Physicists are still struggling to understand the Universe, discovering new stellar events that we can’t explain, and trying to make sense of it all, looking for that perfect theory that will make everything fit together.

That fact is that, since we don’t know how everything works, there still may be something that opens the way to faster-than-light space travel. Discovering the unknown—like physicists have been doing since the Greeks—and harnessing new math and theories into new technology is our only way to spread through the Universe in a way that makes sense to Humanity as a whole. You know, like Star Trek or Battlestar Galactica or Star Wars.

I’m giving her all she’s got!

One of those yet-to-be-unravelled things is the Big Bang, the origin of the Universe itself. Our origin, the final question that we have been trying to answer since we came out of the cave and looked up the night sky. We still don’t know exactly what happened, but the observation of the Universe from Earth and space probes have caused some physicists to propose many different models. One of these models says that, during the initial inflation period of the Universe, space-time expanded faster than light. If this turns out to be the case, it would make possible the creation of warp drives.

Yes, the warp drives.

Warp drives were first proposed in a logical way by Mexican physicist Miguel Alcubierre. He theorised that, instead of moving something faster than the speed of light—which is not possible under Einstein’s relativity theory—we could move the space-time around it faster than the speed of light itself. The spacecraft will be inside a warp bubble, a flat space that will be moved by the expansion of the space behind it and the contraction of space in front of it. The spacecraft won’t move faster than light: Inside the bubble, everything would be normal.

A way to understand the effect, as Marc Millis—former head of the Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Project at NASA’s Glenn Research Center—explains, is to look at the way a toy boat reacts in the tub when you put some detergent behind it. The bubbles will expand the space behind the boat, impulsing it forward. In the same way, a spaceship with a warp drive would be able to do the same thing. Expand and contract space to get to any place in the Universe faster than the speed of light.

But while there have been already experiments in the laboratory that suggest that this may indeed be possible, we are still far, far away from developing the technology that would make warp drives a reality. To start with, the amount of energy necessary to bend space like this is way beyond anything we can produce today. Some scientists, however, suggest that antimatter may be the fuel that will make this possible.

Again, there are a lot of question marks surrounding antimatter, but this is precisely part of our only hope: Somewhere, still hiding, is the breakthrough that will make interstellar travel possible. The possibility is still there.

Warp factor one (Robert Matthews, New Scientist 12 June 1999). Popular explanation of Chris Van Den Broecks trick to enable low-energy warp spacetimes.

The Alcubierre Warp Drive in Higher Dimensional Spacetime

The Alcubierre Warp Drive in Higher Dimensional. Spacetime. H. G. White. 1. and E. W. Davis. 2. 1. 5231 Pilgrim Oaks Lane, League City, TX 77573, USA. 2. Inst. for Advanced Studies at Austi...

Işıktan Daha Hızlı (IDH) - Faster Than Light (FTL)

Işık ötesi hız, (ayrıca faster-than-light, superluminal ve FTL olarak da bilinir) ışıktan hızlı bilgi aktarımı ve ışıktan hızlı yolculuk, bilginin ve maddenin ışık hızının daha üstünde hızlarla hareket etmesi halinde kazanacağı hız. Özel görelilik kuramına göre, kütlesi olan ve ışık hızı üzerinde bir hıza sahip olan bir parçacığın ışık hızına ulaşabilmesi için sonsuz enerjiye ihtiyacı vardır. Ne var ki özel görelilik, ışıktan hızlı hareket eden kütleli parçacıkların varlığını her zaman yasaklamaz.

Diğer yandan bazı fizikçiler, "apparent" (görünür) ya da "effective" (etkili) ışık ötesi hız olarak adlandırılan bir hipotez ortaya atmışlardır. Bu hipoteze göre uzay/zamanın olağandışı biçimde bozulmuş bölgeleri, maddenin çok uzaktaki bölgelere "normal" bir rotada yapacağı seyahatten çok daha kısa sürede (ışık hızını aşmaksızın) ulaşmasına olanak verebilir.

Görünür FTL hipotezi genel görelilikle çelişmez. Görünür FTL tasarısı örnekleri Alcubierre aracı ve seyahat edilebilir solucan delikleri sayılabilir. Ne var ki bu çözümlerin fiziksel olabilirliği belirsizdir.

Takyonlar
Takyonlar, ışık hızından yüzbinlerce kat hızlı hareket eden cisimlerdir. Eğer ışık hızına yaklaşırlarsa veya ışık hızına gelene kadar yavaşlarlarsa yok olabilirler. Bilindiği üzere Büyük Patlama (Big Bang) nedeniyle evrenin oluşumu başladı ve bu patlama Ol ve Öl diye tanımladığımız iki yönlü bir zaman başlattı. Bilinen zamana göre evrenimiz 20 milyar yaşındadır. Buna ek olarak 20 milyar diyelim ve bizim evrenimizin bulunduğu yerde ama başka bir boyutta bir evren daha vardır, o da eksi 20 milyar yaşındadır. Zaman yolculuğuna çıkmak, boyut değiştirmekten ibaret olabilir. Bu boyut değişimi içinde takyon gibi hızlı olmaya gerek olmadığını düşünüyorum.Ufo lardanda anlaşılacağı gibi birden görünüp birden yok oluyorlar.Bu onların boyutlar arası geçiş yaptığına delil teşkil eder. Bizim evrenimizin yaşı 20 milyar, bizim evrenin içinde ama başka boyutta olan evrenin yaşı eksi 20 milyardır. Diğer evrene geçis yapmamız için 40 milyar yıla ihtiyacımız olur. Ama bu seyahatte önemli olan hızlı bir seyahat değil boyut geçişini sağlamaktır.

Boyut Geçişi
Şu anki zamanımızda uzayda bulunan kara delikler boyut geçisini sağlayan tek kozmik fenomen olarak biliniyor, ama ufoların da bunu yapabildiklerini biliyoruz. Peki nasıl yapıyorlar? Şu an için bilinmiyor ama zamanı geldiğinde onuda öğreneceğiz. Bir örnek verecek olursak; bir A4 kağıdı düşünün, ortasını başlangıç noktası yapıp arka sayfadaki ortasına kadar düz bir çizgi çekin. Ne yapmış oluyoruz; kağıdı başlangıçtan bitişe kadar çizerek bir yol oluşturuyoruz. Aynı A4 kağıdının başlangıç noktasına bir toplu iğne yardımı ile bir delik açın. Tabii ki ulaşmak istediğimiz noktaya kısa yoldan ulaştık. Şu an zaman yolculuğuyla uğraşan bilim adamları bizim ilk metodumuz gibi bir metotla bu yolculuğun hesaplarını yapmaya çalışıyorlar. Ama yapılması gereken şey o çizginin üzerinde hareket etmeye çalışmayıp bir an önce o kağıdı delmektir...

Hiperuzay Nedir?

Bilim-kurgularda zaman zaman kullanılan daha hızlı ulaşımı sağlayan bir terimdir. En iyi bilinen örnekleri ise Star Wars'da ve Isaac Asimov tarafından yazılan Foundation adlı eserde kullanılmıştır. Genellikle hiperuzaya erişebilmek için gemilerde Hiperuzay Cihazı bulunması gerekir. Gemiler hiperuzaya girdiklerinde kendi enerji kaynaklarını kullanmaktadır, yani hiper uzayda ilerlerken birden enerjisi tükenen bir gemi hiperuzaydan aniden çıkar ve uzayın derinliklerinde kaybolur ama yedek bir enerji kaynakları varsa bunu devreye sokarak yeniden hiperuzay sıçrayışı yapabilirler tabii bunun için bulundukları konumun koordinatlarını bilmeleri gerekiyor.

Hiperuzay seyahatleri, ışık hızından daha hızlı olarak kabul edilir. Hiperuzay bazı bilim-kurgu filmlerinde daha açıklayıcı bir anlam oluşturmak için, yıldızlararası ve galaksilerarası seyahatlerde, Işık Ötesi Hız (FTL) olarak da kullanılır.

Hikayelerde hiperuzay yolculuğu tanımlanırken çoğunlukla, hiperuzay cihazı kullanır, görünüşte makul bir yanılsama oluşturmak için izafiyet veya sicim teorisi kullanılır. Şu an için Hiperuzay Seyahatleri kurgusal bir teknolojidir.

Hiperuzay terimi ilk olarak John W. Campbell'ın 1934 yılında Astouinding dergisinde yayınlanan "The Mightiest Machine" adlı kısa hikayesinde kullanmak üzere icaat etmiştir. Hiperuzay terimi o günlerden bu yana pek çok yerde yaygın olarak kullanılmıştır. Çoğu yazar veya senarist bu terime başka isimler vererekte kullanabiliyor.

Time Travel

Time travel may appear even more outrageous than FTL, but both phenomena are closely linked to each other. Causal loops (Closed Timelike Curves, CTCs) exist in some solutions to general relativity. The question is whether they can occur in physically relevant spacetimes and how paradoxes are avoided.

Dosya Biçimi: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - So all we need for time travel, is a space ship that will go faster than light. Unfortunately, in ... might be able to warp it enough, to allow time travel. ...[PDF] Space and Time Warps This lecture is the intellectual property of ...

Dosya Biçimi: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - [PDF] Time travel: separating science fact from science fiction

Dosya Biçimi: PDF/Adobe Acrobat -   [PDF] Wormholes and Time Travel? Not Likely
Wormholes and Time Travel? Not Likely. L. Susskind. Department of Physics. Stanford University. Stanford, CA 94305-4060. Abstract ...

Time Travel for Beginners by John Gribbin.

Çetin BAL: Time Travel Theory... IS TIME TRAVEL POSSIBLE?

Theory of Time  Machine

 Zeitreisen - wozu? - Eine Reise durch die Zeit unternimmt jeder von uns: in jedem Augenblick machen wir einen Schritt in die Zukunft. Doch sind wir fest an den stetigen Fluss der Zeit gebunden, wir können weder schneller vor geschweige denn zurück. Wer von uns hat nicht schon davon geträumt, einmal in die Zukunft zu reisen, um mit den Lottozahlen der nächsten Ziehungen zurück zu kehren und damit seinem Glück ein wenig nachzuhelfen?

 Time Travel Physics : In this series of articles we will show a solution using a rotating cylinder model that demonstrates how time travel is possible within the context of general relativity.

Wormholes

Wormholes are shortcuts through spacetime, connecting two distant locations through a short "tunnel". They can exist in general relativity, but the main issue is whether they are traversable and possible to create.

Traversable Wormholes: Some Implications by Michael Clive Price. A very good introduction to the possibilities of wormholes.
Wormhole Warfare by Robin Hanson. A comment to the above text about the military implications of wormholes.
Wormholes in "The Alternate View" columns of John G. Cramer (Analog).

Technical Papers

Inflating Lorenzian Wormholes by Thomas A. Roman. A technical paper about the possibility of using inflation to turn a quantum wormhole macroscopic.
Can wormholes exist? by V.Khatsymovsky. Technical paper about the renormalized vacuum expectation values of electromagnetic stress-energy tensor in wormhole spacetimes. Apparently they can be stable.

The null energy condition in dynamic wormholes Authors: Hochberg, David; Visser, Matt

We extend previous proofs that violations of the null energy condition (NEC) are a generic and universal feature of traversable wormholes to completely non-symmetric time-dependent wormholes. We show that the analysis can be phrased purely in terms of local geometry at and near the wormhole throat, and do not have to make any technical assumptions about asymptotic flatness or other global properties. A key aspect of the analysis is the demonstration that time-dependent wormholes have two throats, one for each direction through the wormhole, and that the two throats coalesce only for the case of a static wormhole.

Dynamic wormholes and energy conditions (pdf)  by Sean A. Hayward -

A new framework is proposed for general dynamic wormholes, unifying them with black holes. Both are generically defined locally by outer trapping horizons, temporal for wormholes and spatial or null for black and white holes. Thus wormhole horizons are two-way traversible, while black-hole and white-hole horizons are only one-way traversible. It follows from the Einstein equation that the null energy condition is violated everywhere on a generic wormhole horizon.

Bubbles and wormholes: analytic models, (pdf) by Patricio S. Letelier & Anzhong Wang -

The first junction conditions of spherically symmetric bubbles aresolved for some cases, and whereby analytic models to the Einstein field equations are constructed. The e ects of bubbles on the spacetime structure are studied and it is found that in some cases bubbles can close the spatial sector of the spacetime and turn it into a compact one, while in other cases they can give rise to wormholes. One of the most remarkable features of these wormholes is that they do not necessarily violate the weak and dominant energy condition even at the classical level.

Dynamic wormholes, anti-trapped surfaces, and energy conditions (pdf)

-18 Jun 1998 - by David Hochberg + and Matt Visser

Wormholes, Warp Travel, Time Travel

Time Travel Possibilities:  It still is, but there might be a trick of hitching a ride on something that doesn't quite follow spacetime rules.  The answer to this is what scientists call a wormhole. 

    PDF Files:
Towards possibility of self-maintained vacuum traversible wormhole by V. Khatsymovsky
Traversable wormholes: the Roman ring by Matt Visser. Apparently chronology protection can be fooled by more complex arrangements of wormholes.
Rotating traversable wormholes by Edward Teo.
Toward a Traversable Wormhole by S. V. Krasnikov

Basement Universes

According to some theories, it is possible to spawn new universes (i.e. independent volumes of spacetime) through various means. This could be used for a variety of things, such as computation or escape from a unsuitable spacetime.

Possible Implications of the Quantum Theory of Gravity, An Introduction to the Meduso-Anthropic Principle by Louis Crane. Nontechnical paper about how the activities of technological civilizations could influence the evolution of baby universes.

Warp Drive Propulsion : The Warp Drive works by creating a contraction in front of a spaceship and an expansion behind it, this method of warp drive was proposed in 1994 by Miguel Alcubierre.

Anti-gravity Propulsion Engine Levitation ....

Wurmlöcher sind Abkürzungen durch den Raum, die es Raumschiffen ermöglichen, eigentlich sehr große Entfernungen in relativ kurzer Zeit zurückzulegen. Sie bewegen sich zwar nicht mit größerer Geschwindigkeit, aber die zurückzulgende Entfernung bis zum Ziel wird durch das Wurmloch entscheidend verkürzt.

Warp Drive:  A subsection of the general theory of relativity, which utilizes spacetime as a form of propulsion; which to an outside observer appears to yield Faster Than Light (FTL) travel.  This page discusses the theoretical physics behind the basic physics warp drive which may yield possible mechanisms for interstellar travel.

CREATE NEGATIVE ENERGY : If Kerr rings prove to be lethal or too unstable for use as cosmic portals, an advanced civilization might instead contemplate opening up a new wormhole by using negative matter or negative energy. (In principle, negative matter or energy should weigh less than nothing and fall up rather than down. This is different stuff from antimatter, which contains positive energy and falls down.) In 1988 Kip Thorne and his colleagues at Caltech showed that with sufficient negative matter or negative energy, one could create a wormhole through which a traveler could freely pass back and forth between, say, his laboratory and a distant point in space or time.

Relativitätstheorie...

Viajar en el tiempo ¿Fantasía o realidad?: La Teoría General de la Relatividad indica que los cuerpos con masa distorsionan la estructura geométrica del espacio-tiempo.

Einstein and the Universe II:  Einstein knew that his Special Theory of Relativity should be expanded to include gravity and in 1907 started to work on what would be later called his General Theory of Relativity.

The (Alcubierre) Warp Drive Spacetime:   In order to do so one will need to construct an arbitrary function f as to produce the contraction/expansion metric proposed by the Alcubierre Spacetime.

Theoretical Warp Drive: - Devise a Way To Manipulate It: Even if scientists could transform matter into negative energy, they would still have to find a way to focus it and create an infinitesimally thin, yet extraordinarily stable, bubble of the stuff around the spaceship.

Negative Mass Warp Drive - Devised by Robert Heckadon: The negative mass drive has an advantage over conventional warp drive. Though initially slower than warp drive, with the use of the ship’s impulse engines the negative mass drive can constantly accelerate the ship until its fuel supply is exhausted. Whereas conventional warp has a maximum warp limit.

The Introduction of a Breakthrough in Advanced Interstellar Space Propulsion:   In order to surmount the vast distance the entire method depends heavily on the relative relationship of electromagnetic fields to inertial frames of reference and the existance of a Unified Field throughout all Space/Time.    

Teleportation as Interdimensional Travel: The 4^th dimension can also be used to help explain some of the more unusual phenomena that have been reported - that of teleportation.        

Warp Drive FLASH-- Basic Sci-fi like interactive FLASH animation (for fun) of key Warp Drive principles with modern science [lcars show] (129 kb)                               

Warp Drive E-book [(742 Kb) PDF] Draft Manuscript by: Dr. Paul Hoiland and Edward Halerewicz, Jr. Hyperbolic Geometrodynamic Warp Drives & Beyond

WHAT IS THE UNIVERSE MADE OF? - ( PDF ) - JACK SARFATTI- The emergence of gravity and dark energy/matter from the cohering of zero point energy.Therefore, the original unrealistic Alcubierre toy model warp drive metric with a point-like unconventional flying object is too simplistic to be implemented by controlled partially coherent exotic vacuum zero point energy density. The zero-point energy powered warp drive metrics must be computed from scratch and this will be done in a future paper.

PROBLEMS WITH WARP DRIVE EXAMINED -Pdf -In a short examination of some of the major problems raised as objections to Doctor Alcubierres original proposal of warp drive within General Relativity(1) by many authors in both peer review publication and archive articles one discovers that solutions to these problems do exist if one is willing to consider a modified version of that original proposal. It is the findings of this Author that Warp Drive cannot be properly ruled out at this time at least as a possible future method of sub-light propulsion with the possible added benefit of working as a superluminal field propulsion drive.

Warp Drive Today: theory andlimitations - E. F. Halerewicz, Jr.[ Pdf ]

Engineering the Zero-Point Field and Polarizable Vacuum For Interstellar Flight -[ Pdf ] -H. E. Puthoff- A theme that has come to the fore in advanced planning for long-range space exploration is the concept of "propellantless propulsion" or "field propulsion." One version of this concept involves the projected possibility that empty space itself (the quantum vacuum, or space-time metric) might be manipulated so as to provide energy/thrust for future space vehicles.

Reduced total energy requirements for a modified Alcubierre warp drive spacetime -[ Pdf ]- E. Halerewicz, Jr - It can be shown that negative energy requirements within the Alcubierre  spacetime can be greatly reduced when one introduces a lapse function into the Einstein tensor. Thereby reducing the negative energy requirements of the warp drive spacetime arbitrarily as a function of A(ct, ). With this function new quantum inequality restrictions are investigated in a general form. Finally a pseudo method for controlling a warp bubble at a velocity greater than that of light is presented.

Tapping the Fabric of Space-Time

A design first proposed in1994 by Michael Alcubierre is illustrated. The Alcubierre drive, as it's known, involves expanding the fabric of space behind a ship into a bubble and shrinking space-time in front of the ship. The ship would rest in between the expanding and shrinking space-time, essentially surfing down the side of the bubble.

An Assessment of Faster-Than-Light Spacetimes: Make or Break Issues -[ Pdf ] - Eric W. Davis - Implementation of faster-than-light (FTL) interstellar travel via traversable wormholes,warp drives, or other spacetime modification schemes generally requires the engineering of spacetime into very specialized local geometries. The analysis of these via Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity plus the resultant equations of state demonstrates that such geometries require the use of “exotic” matter. It has been claimed that since such matter violates the energy conditions FTL spacetimes are not plausible. However, it has been shown that this isa spurious issue. The identification, magnitude, and production of exotic matter is seen to be a key technical challenge, however. FTL spacetimes also possess features that challenge the notions of causality, and there are alleged constraints placed upon them by quantum effects.These issues are reviewed and summarized, and an assessment on the present state of their resolution is provided.

Der Warp-Antrieb: Nach dem Physiker Miguel Alcubierre kann der Raum zwischen dem Ziel und dem Objekt so zusammengezogen werden, dass man mit einem Schritt die Reise von ein paar Lichtjahren erledigen kann. Aber man muss auch den Raum vom Objekt zum Startpunkt entsprechend dehnen. Dies erfordert extrem viel Energie und wir wissen im Moment nicht, wie man das bewerkstelligen kann. Zusätzlich benötigt man exotische Materie.

General Theory of Relativity - The Warp Drive

Let’s look more closely. Warp drive as envisioned by Miguel Alcubierre relied on the concept that although nothing could move faster than the speed of light through spacetime, spacetime itself is not so restricted. We do not, in fact, have any notion of a limit to the ’stretching’ of spacetime, a fact brought home by inflation theory, which posits an immense expansion of the early universe in a mere flicker of time. Contract the spacetime in front of a vehicle while expanding it behind and the spacecraft itself never exceeds the speed of light even though the ‘warped’ spacetime delivers it to its destination faster than would otherwise be possible.

All of which calls for immense supplies of energy, and negative energy at that, so that recent work has been (more or less unsuccessfully) devoted to understanding how to reduce those requirements to something remotely manageable. Now Finazzi and team have folded quantum mechanics into their consideration of warp drive theory, with the result that warp drive is shown to be untenable for the hapless crew. The inside of the ‘bubble’ housing the spacecraft, in fact, becomes filled with Hawking radiation, emitted by black holes due to these very quantum effects.

Wormhole - There is a scientific idea that there may exist "wormholes" which act as short-cuts through space and time, essentially allowing someone to travel from one point in the universe to the next faster than the speed of light takes to travel their by conventional means. This is also called an Einstein-Rosen Bridge (see entry above). Alternatively, a wormhole may provide access to a different universe all together. Depending on the math you use to explain it, a wormhole that connects two points in space in the same universe can be called Lorentzian or Euclidean. A wormhole that allows access between parallel universes is classified as a Schwarzchild wormhole.

In science fiction stories, wormholes are often used to transport characters to different parts of the universe and are sometimes artificually created by starships. They are sometimes also used to connect two different points in time, allowing for time travel, or to allow characters to journey into parallel realities where they can encounter alternate versions of familiar people. In the TV series Doctor Who, wormholes used specifically for time travel are called "time corridors" or "time tunnels."
 

Bir solucan deliğinin kuramsal çizimi. Farklı zaman bölgeleri arasında açılacak solucan deliğinin ağızlarını açık tutmak için negatif enerjili bir egzotik maddeye  ihtiyaç var.

Bir zaman makinesi oluşturmanın yolu: Büyük Hadron Çarpıştırıcısı'ndaki (LHC) koşullar, uzay- zamanda solucan delikleri oluşturulabilir. Geleceğin uygarlıkları bu solucan deliklerinden birini, solucan deliğinin oluşturulduğu ana geri dönüşü sağlayacakbir zaman tüneline çevirebilir.

Hızlandırılmış parçacıkların kütleçekimsel alanları uzay-zamanda bir solucan deliği açabilir. Kapalı zamansal eğri.

Solucan deliği  kapalı zamansal eğrinin oluşmasını sağlar. Bu da  parçacıkların geçmişe ya da gelecekten şimdiye doğru akışına olanak verir.

Karanlık enerji solucan deliğinin açık kalmasını sağlayabilir, hatta bunu bir insanın içinden geçeceği kadar geniş kılabilir.

Other Sites

Books

C W Misner, K S Throne, and J A Wheeler, Gravitation, (Freeman) UL QC 178.M57. The classic textbook.

Robert Forward, Indistinguishable from Magic, Pocket Books; ISBN: 0671876864 1995

See also

Relevant newsgroups: rec.arts.sf.science, sci.physics

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