-   Antigravity   -

It is this fifth factor which is unexplainable from the electromagnetic aspect, and which apparently provides the connection with gravitation.

Now that the basic concept of electrogravitation has been presented in the form of the Biefeld-Brown effect, we can now present the refinements necessary to accomplish the desired goal of a vehicle powered by a gravity-control (antigravity) mechanism.

The Earth creates and is surrounded with a gravitational field which approaches zero as we go deeper and deeper into space. This field 'presses' objects and people towards the Earth's surface, and therefore 'presses our conjectured vehicle to the ground. However, thru the utilization of the Biefeld-Brown effect, our vehicle can generate an electrogravitational field of its own which modifies the Earth's gravity field.

This generated field acts like a wave, with the negative pole at the top of the wave, and the positive pole at the bottom. Our vehicle travels like a surfboard on the incline of a wave that is kept continually moving by the vehicle's electrogravitational generator. Since the orientation of the field can be controlled, the vehicle can thus travel on its own continuously generated wave in any desired angle or direction of flight !

The method of controlling the flight of the vehicle is illustrated by the following simple diagrams showing the charge variations necessary to accomplish all directions of flight:

Townsend T. Brown Patents

* 300,311 - T.T.Brown (Nov. 15, 1928) A Method of and an Apparatus or Machine for Producing Force or Motion

* 1,974,483 - T.T.Brown (Sep. 25, 1934) Electrostatic Motor

* 2,949,550 - T.T.Brown (Aug. 16, 1960) Electrokinetic Apparatus

* 3,022,430 - T.T.Brown (Feb. 20, 1962) Electrokinetic Generator

* 3,187,206 - T.T.Brown (June 1, 1965) Electrokinetic Apparatus

* 3,296,491 - T.T.Brown (Jan. 3, 1967) Method and Apparatus for Producing Ions and Electrically-Charged Aerosols

* 3,518,462 T.T.Brown June 30, 1970 Fluid Flow Control System

Dr. Edwin Saxl - Electrified Pendulum

An interesting experiment conducted by Dr. Edwin Saxl and reported in Nature Magazine seemingly utilized the same connection between electricity and gravity that the Biefeld-Brown effect uses.

In his experiment, Dr. Saxl placed a torque pendulum inside an electrified cage. The cage was electrically charged with voltages varying from 0 to 5000 volts. With these conditions, the period of the pendulum was noted to decrease as the voltage increased.

Since the period of a pendulum is directly proportional to the gravitational constant, the conclusion is that gravity and/or mass was decreased within the statically charged cage.

Biefeld–Brown effect


(Redirected from Biefeld-Brown effect)


This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: the article seems to be off topic and/or a redundant description of electrohydrodynamics Please help improve this article if you can. (May 2014)

The Biefeld–Brown effect is an electrical effect that produces an ionic wind that transfers its momentum to surrounding neutral particles. The effect was named by inventor Thomas Townsend Brown who claimed that he did a series of experiments with professor of astronomy Paul Alfred Biefeld, a former teacher of Brown who Brown claimed was his mentor and co-experimenter at Denison University in Ohio.[1][2] The phenomenon was also given the name "electrogravitics" by Brown based on his belief this was an electricity/gravity phenomenon. The effect is more widely referred to as electrohydrodynamics (EHD) or sometimes electro-fluid-dynamics, a counterpart to the well-known magnetohydrodynamics. Extensive research was performed during the 1950s and 1960s on the use of this electric propulsion effect during the publicized era of the United States gravity control propulsion research (1955–1974).

There is renewed focus on the Biefield–Brown effect with the spread in interest in high-voltage powered experimental flying devices known as ionocraft or lifters.

Contents
1 Effect analysis
2 Electrogravity
3 Patents
4 References
5 External links 5.1 Biefeld Brown effect electrohydrodynamics
 

Effect analysis

Asymm-capacitor.

The effect is generally believed to rely on corona discharge, which allows air molecules to become ionized near sharp points and edges. Usually, two electrodes are used with a high voltage between them, ranging from a few kilovolts and up to megavolt levels, where one electrode is small or sharp, and the other larger and smoother. The most effective distance between electrodes occurs at an electric potential gradient of about 10 kV/cm, which is just below the nominal breakdown voltage of air between two sharp points, at a current density level usually referred to as the saturated corona current condition. This creates a high field gradient around the smaller, positively charged electrode. Around this electrode, ionization occurs, that is, electrons are stripped from the atoms in the surrounding medium; they are literally pulled right off by the electrode's charge.[citation needed]

This leaves a cloud of positively charged ions in the medium, which are attracted to the negative smooth electrode by Coulomb's Law, where they are neutralized again. This produces an equally scaled opposing force in the lower electrode. This effect can be used for propulsion (see EHD thruster), fluid pumps and recently also in EHD cooling systems.[citation needed] The velocity achievable by such setups is limited by the momentum achievable by the ionized air, which is reduced by ion impact with neutral air. A theoretical derivation of this force has been proposed (see the external links below).

However, this effect works using either polarity for the electrodes: the small or thin electrode can be either positive or negative, and the larger electrode must have the opposite polarity.[3] On many experimental sites it is reported that the thrust effect of a lifter is actually a bit stronger when the small electrode is the positive one.[4] This is possibly an effect of the differences between the ionization energy and electron affinity energy of the constituent parts of air; thus the ease of which ions are created at the 'sharp' electrode.

As air pressure is removed from the system, several effects combine to reduce the force and momentum available to the system. The number of air molecules around the ionizing electrode is reduced, decreasing the quantity of ionized particles. At the same time, the number of impacts between ionized and neutral particles is reduced. Whether this increases or decreases the maximum momentum of the ionized air is not typically measured, although the force acting upon the electrodes reduces, until the glow discharge region is entered. The reduction in force is also a product of the reducing breakdown voltage of air, as a lower potential must be applied between the electrodes, thereby reducing the force dictated by Coulomb's Law.

During the glow discharge region, the air becomes a conductor. Though the applied voltage and current will propagate at nearly the speed of light, the movement of the conductors themselves is almost negligible. This leads to a Coulomb force and change of momentum so small as to be zero.

Below the glow discharge region, the breakdown voltage increases again, whilst the number of potential ions decreases, and the chance of impact lowers. Experiments have been conducted and found to both prove and disprove a force at very low pressure. It is likely that the reason for this is that at very low pressures, only experiments which used very large voltages produced positive results, as a product of a greater chance of ionization of the extremely limited number of available air molecules, and a greater force from each ion from Coulomb's Law; experiments which used lower voltages have a lower chance of ionization and a lower force per ion. Common to positive results is that the force observed is small in comparison to experiments conducted at standard pressure. This is likely[original research?] to be the result of the massively reduced number of ions produced by the experiment, although this could also be interpreted to be a different force entirely.

Electrogravity

At one time, Brown believed his devices produced a new field that interacted with the Earth's gravitational pull, a phenomenon he labeled electrogravitics. Certain fringe researchers claim that conventional physics cannot adequately explain the phenomenon.[5] The effect has become something of a cause célèbre in the UFO community, where it is seen as an example of something much more exotic than electrokinetics. Charles Berlitz devoted an entire chapter of his book The Philadelphia Experiment to a retelling of Brown's early work with the effect, implying he had discovered a new electrogravity effect and that it was being used by UFOs. Today, the Internet is filled with sites devoted to this interpretation of the effect.

There has been follow-ups on the claims that this propulsive force can be produced in a full vacuum, meaning it is an unknown anti-gravity force, and not just the more well known ion wind, with several researchers (R. L. Talley in a 1990 US Air Force study, NASA scientist Jonathan Campbell in a 2003 experiment,[6] and Martin Tajmar in a 2004 paper[7]) finding that no thrust could be observed in a vacuum, consistent with the phenomenon of ion wind. Campbell pointed out to a Wired magazine reporter that creating a true vacuum similar to space for the test requires tens of thousands of dollars in equipment.

Patents:

U.S. Patent 3,120,363 — Flying apparatus — G.E. Hagen

T. T. Brown was granted a number of patents on his discovery:
GB300311 — A method of and an apparatus or machine for producing force or motion (accepted 1928-11-15)
U.S. Patent 1,974,483 — Electrostatic motor (1934-09-25)
U.S. Patent 2,949,550 — Electrokinetic apparatus (1960-08-16)
U.S. Patent 3,018,394 — Electrokinetic transducer (1962-01-23)
U.S. Patent 3,022,430 — Electrokinetic generator (1962-02-20)
U.S. Patent 3,187,206 — Electrokinetic apparatus (1965-06-01)
U.S. Patent 3,196,296 — Electric generator (1965-07-20)

Historically, numerous patents have been granted for various applications of the effect, from electrostatic dust precipitation, to air ionizers, and also for flight. A particularly notable patent — U.S. Patent 3,120,363 — was granted to G.E. Hagen in 1964, for apparatus more or less identical to the later so-called 'lifter' devices. Other ionic US patents of interest: 2022465, 2182751, 2282401, 2295152, 2460175, 2636664, 2765975, 3071705, 3177654, 3223038, 3120363, 3130945

References

1.Jump up ^ The present day Denison University claims they have no record of such experiments being carried out, or of any association between Brown and Biefeld.Paul Schatzkin, Defying Gravity: The Parallel Universe of T. Townsend Brown, 2005-2006-2007-2008 - Tanglewood Books, Chapter 13: Notes from the Rabbit Hole #3: "He Made Things Up" (online excerpts)
2.Jump up ^ alienscientist.com, Biefeld-Brown Effect Controversy, Tajmar ESA Experiments
3.Jump up ^ NASA CR-2004-213312 Asymmetrical Capacitors for propulsion
4.Jump up ^ Bahder, TB. "Force on an Asymmetric Capacitor" (PDF). Retrieved 9 October 2011.
5.Jump up ^ Mallove, Eugene (September–October 2002). "The "Lifter" Phenomenon". Infinite Energy.
6.Jump up ^ Thompson, Clive (August 2003). "The Antigravity Underground". Wired Magazine.
7.Jump up ^ Tajmar, M. (2004). "Biefeld-Brown Effect: Misinterpretation of Corona Wind Phenomena". AIAA Journal 42 (2): 315. Bibcode:2004AIAAJ..42..315T. doi:10.2514/1.9095.
Tajmar, M. (2004). "Biefeld-Brown Effect: Misinterpretation of Corona Wind Phenomena". AIAA Journal 42 (2): 315. Bibcode:2004AIAAJ..42..315T. doi:10.2514/1.9095.
Buehler D.R., Journal of Space Mixing, April 2004, vol. 2, pp. 1–22, "Exploratory Research on the Phenomenon of the Movement of High Voltage Capacitors". Space-mixing-theory.com. Retrieved 2010-09-14.
Vassilatos G. (2000). Lost Science. Adventures Unlimited Press. ISBN 0-932813-75-5.
Paul A. LaViolette, Ph.D. (2008). Secrets of Antigravity Propulsion: Tesla, UFO's and Classified Aerospace Technology. Rochester, Vermont: Bear & Company. pp. 84–85, 89. ISBN 978-159143078-0.

External links:

Defying Gravity: The Parallel Universe of T. Townsend Brown – authorized biography on T. Townsend Brown
The Hunt for Zero Point – book by Jane's Aviation editor Nick Cook
[1] – Video of the effect

Biefeld Brown effect electrohydrodynamics[edit]
Blaze Labs Research: What is an EHD thruster? — Introduction on EHD thrusters, ionocrafts, lifters and lots of related information
NASA: Asymmetrical Capacitors for Propulsion (PDF)
Army Research Laboratory, Thomas B. Bahder:Force on an Asymmetric Capacitor
 

----------------------------------

Electrogravitics


Not to be confused with Gravitoelectromagnetism.

Electrogravitics is claimed to be an unconventional type of effect or anti-gravity propulsion created by an electric field's effect on a mass. The name was coined in the 1920s by the discoverer of the phenomenon, Thomas Townsend Brown, who spent most of his life trying to develop it and sell it as a propulsion system. Through Brown's promotion of the idea it was researched for a short while by aerospace companies in the 1950s. Electrogravitics is popular with conspiracy theorists with claims that it is powering flying saucers and the B-2 Stealth Bomber.

Since apparatus based on Browns' ideas have often yielded varying and highly controversial results when tested within controlled vacuum conditions, the effect observed has often been attributed to the ion drift or ion wind effect instead of anti-gravity.[1]

Brown also named this phenomenon the "Biefeld–Brown effect" after his claimed mentor, Denison University professor Paul Alfred Biefeld.



Contents
1 Origins
2 Claims 2.1 Criticism

3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links


Origins

Electrogravitics had its origins in experiments started in 1921 by Thomas Townsend Brown (USA) (who coined the name) while he was still in high school. He discovered an unusual effect while experimenting with a Coolidge tube, a type of X-ray vacuum tube where, if he placed on a balance scale with the tube’s positive electrode facing up, the tubes mass seemed to decrease, when facing down the tube's mass seemed to increase.[2] Brown showed this effect to his college professors and even newspaper reporters and told them he was convinced that he had managed to influence gravity electronically. Brown developed this into large high voltage capacitors that would produce a tiny propulsive force causing the capacitor to jump in one direction when the power was turned on. In 1929 Brown published "How I Control Gravity," in Science and Invention where he claimed the capacitors were producing a mysterious force that interacted with the pull of gravity. He envisions a future where, if his device could be scaled up, "Multi-impulse gravitators weighing hundreds of tons may propel the ocean liners of the future" or even "fantastic 'space cars'" to Mars.[3] Somewhere along the way Brown came up with the name Biefeld–Brown effect, named after his former teacher, professor of astronomy Paul Alfred Biefeld at Denison University in Ohio. Brown claimed Biefeld as his mentor and co-experimenter.[4][5] After World War II Brown sought to develop the effect as a means of propulsion for aircraft and spacecraft, demonstrating a working apparatus to an audience of scientists and military officials in 1952. Research in the phenomenon was popular in the mid-1950s, at one point the Glenn L. Martin Company placed advertisements looking for scientists who were "interested in gravity", but rapidly declined in popularity thereafter.

Instead of being an anti-gravity force, this effect has been found to be caused by ionized particles exerting a force between two asymmetrical electrodes that produces a type of ion drift or ionic wind that transfers its momentum to surrounding neutral particles, an electrokinetic phenomena or more widely referred to as electrohydrodynamics (EHD).[6]

Claims

Electrogravitics has become popular with UFO, anti-gravity, and government conspiracy theorists[3] where it is seen as an example of something much more exotic than electrokinetics, i.e. that electrogravitics is a true anti-gravity technology that can "create a force that depends upon an object’s mass, even as gravity does".[7][8] There are claims that all major aerospace companies in the 1950s including Martin, Convair, Lear, Sperry, Raytheon were working on it, that the technology became highly classified in the early 1960s, that it is used to power the B-2 bomber,[3] and that it can be used to generate "free energy".[9] Charles Berlitz devoted an entire chapter of his book on The Philadelphia Experiment (The Philadelphia Experiment: Project Invisibility) to a retelling of Brown's early work with the effect, implying the electrogravitics effect was being used by UFOs. The researcher and author Paul LaViolette has produced many self-published books on electrogravitics, making many claims over the years including his view that the technology could have helped to avoid another Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.

Nikola Tesla has also been associated with electrogravitics.[9]

Criticism

Many claims as to the validity of electrogravitics as an anti-gravity force revolve around research and videos on the internet purported to show lifter-style capacitor devices working in a vacuum, therefor not receiving propulsion from ion drift or ion wind being generated in air.[3][10] Followups on the claims (R. L. Talley in a 1990 US Air Force study, NASA scientist Jonathan Campbell in a 2003 experiment,[11] and Martin Tajmar in a 2004 paper[12]) have found that no thrust could be observed in a vacuum, consistent with the phenomenon of ion wind. Campbell pointed out to a Wired magazine reporter that creating a true vacuum similar to space for the test requires tens of thousands of dollars in equipment.

Byron Preiss in his 1985 book on the current science and future of the Solar System titled The Planets commented that electrogravitics development seemed to be "much ado about nothing, started by a bunch of engineers who didn't know enough physics". Preiss stated that electrogravitics, like exobiology, is "a science without a single specimen for study".

See also[edit]
United States gravity control propulsion initiative
List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
Woodward effect

References

1.Jump up ^ Stein, W.B. 2000: Electrokinetic Propulsion: The Ion Wind Argument. Purdue University, Energy Conversion Lab (Hangar #3, Purdue Airport, West Lafayette, IN 47906)
2.Jump up ^ The Canonical Hamiltonian The Intersection Of Chip Design and Physics by Hamilton Carter, Thomas Townsend Brown: Part IV of the Holiday Serial
3.^ Jump up to: a b c d Thompson, Clive (August 2003). "The Antigravity Underground". Wired Magazine.
4.Jump up ^ Paul Schatzkin, Defying Gravity: The Paraellel Universe of T. Townsend Brown, 2005-2006-2007-2008 - Tanglewood Books, Chapter 13: Notes from the Rabbit Hole #3: "He Made Things Up" (online excerpts)
5.Jump up ^ alienscientist.com, Biefeld-Brown Effect Controversy, Tajmar ESA Experiments
6.Jump up ^ NASA CR-2004-213312 Asymmetrical Capacitors for propulsion
7.Jump up ^ Thomas F. Valone, Progress in Electrogravitics and Electrokinetics for Aviation and Space Travel - Integrity Research Institute, Washington DC [1]
8.Jump up ^ activistpost.com, Sunday, April 1, 2012 Electrogravitics – A Simplified Description, Amaterasu Solar
9.^ Jump up to: a b Chapter Six UFOs and Electrogravity Propulsion, Did Tesla Discover the Secrets of Antigravity? Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "bibliotecapleyades.net" defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
10.Jump up ^ Thomas Valone, Electrogravitics II: Validating Reports on a New Propulsion Methodology, Integrity Research Institute, page 52-58
11.Jump up ^ Thompson, Clive (August 2003). "The Antigravity Underground". Wired Magazine.
12.Jump up ^ Tajmar, M. (2004). "Biefeld-Brown Effect: Misinterpretation of Corona Wind Phenomena". AIAA Journal 42 (2): 315. Bibcode:2004AIAAJ..42..315T. doi:10.2514/1.9095.
13.Jump up ^ Byron Preiss (1985). The Planets. Bantam Books. p. 27. ISBN 0-553-05109-1.

Further reading

Thomas Valone, Electrogravitics Systems: Reports on a New Propulsion Methodology. Integrity Research Institute; 2nd ed edition (November 1995). 102 pages. ISBN 0-9641070-0-7 ISBN 978-0964107007
Thomas Valone, Electrogravitics II: Validating Reports on a New Propulsion Methodology. Integrity Research Instititue; 2Rev Ed edition (July 1, 2005). 160 pages. ISBN 0-9641070-9-0 ISBN 978-0964107090
Jen-shih Chang, Handbook of Electrostatic Processes. CRC Press, 1995. ISBN 0-8247-9254-8
Nick Cook, The Hunt for Zero Point: Inside the Classified World of Antigravity Technology. Broadway; 1 edition (August 13, 2002). 304 pages ISBN 0-7679-0627-6 ISBN 978-0767906272
Paul A. LaViolette, "Secrets of Antigravity Propulsion: Tesla, UFOs, and Classified Aerospace Technology". Bear & Company, Rochester VT (2008), Paperback: 512 pages, ISBN 978-1-59143-078-0

External links
Electrogravitics at American Antigravity A page of YouTube talks and demonstrations by supporters.
UFO How-To Volume II: Electrogravitics Excerpts from the book.
 

----------------------------------------------------

United States gravity control propulsion research



(Redirected from United States gravity control propulsion initiative)



American interest in "gravity control propulsion research" intensified during the early 1950s. Literature from that period used the terms anti-gravity, anti-gravitation, baricentric, counterbary, electrogravitics (eGrav), G-projects, gravitics, gravity control, and gravity propulsion.[1][2] Their publicized goals were to develop and discover technologies and theories for the manipulation of gravity or gravity-like fields for propulsion.[3] Although general relativity theory appeared to prohibit anti-gravity propulsion, several programs were funded to develop it through gravitation research from 1955 to 1974. The names of many contributors to general relativity and those of the golden age of general relativity have appeared among documents about the institutions that had served as the theoretical research components of those programs.[4][5][6] The existence and 1950s emergence of the gravity control propulsion research have not been a subject of controversy for aerospace writers, critics, and conspiracy theory advocates, but their rationale, effectiveness, and longevity have been the objects of contested views.



Contents
1 Evidence of existence 1.1 Histories
1.2 Contemporaneous literature
1.3 UFO and conspiracy theory literature

2 Theoretical research agencies 2.1 Gravity Research Foundation
2.2 Aerospace Research Laboratories (ARL)
2.3 Research Institute for Advanced Study (RIAS)

3 Aerospace firms
4 Reported breakthroughs 4.1 Experimental 4.1.1 Brown's gravitator
4.1.2 Kaplan's gravity-like impulses

4.2 Theoretical 4.2.1 Forward's protational field


5 Legacies 5.1 Gravity Research Foundation
5.2 Aerospace Research Laboratories (ARL)
5.3 Research Institute for Advanced Studies (RIAS)

6 UFO and conspiracy theories
7 References
8 Further reading


Evidence of existence

Mainstream newspapers, popular magazines, technical journals, and declassified papers reported the existence of the gravity control propulsion research. For example, the title of the March 1956 Aero Digest article about the intensified interest was "Anti-gravity Booming." A. V. Cleaver made the following statement about the programs in his article:
What are the facts, insofar as they are publicly known, or (as at this date) knowable? Well, they seem to amount to this: The Americans have decided to look into the old science-fictional dream of gravity control, or "anti-gravity," to investigate, both theoretically and (if possible) practically the fundamental nature of gravitational fields and their relationship to electromagnetic and other phenomena – and someone (unknown to the present writer) has apparently decided to call all this study by the high-sounding name of "electro-gravitics." Unknown, too – at least unannounced – is the name of agency or individual who decided to encourage, stimulate, or sponsor this effort, also in just what way it is being done. However, that the effort is in progress there can be little doubt, and, of course, it is entirely to be welcomed.[7]
The gravitics programs had not been evinced by any technological artifacts, such as the Project Pluto Tory IIA, the world's first nuclear ramjet. Commemorative monuments by the Gravity Research Foundation have been the artifacts attesting to the early commitments to finding materials and methods to manipulate gravity. The endeavor had the resources and publicity of an initiative, but writers from that period did not describe them with that term. Gladych stated:
At least 14 United States universities and other research centers are hard at work cracking the gravity barrier. And backing the basic research with multi-million dollar secret projects is our aircraft industry.[8]
The writings about the gravity control propulsion research effort had disclosed the "players" and resources while prudently withholding both the specific features of the research and the identity of its coordinating body. Publicized and telecasted conspiracy theory anecdotes have suggested much higher levels of success to the G-projects than mainstream science.

Histories

Recent historical analysis and reports have attracted attention to the agencies and firms that had participated in the gravity control propulsion research. James E. Allen, BAE Systems consultant and engineering professor at Kingston University, referred to those programs in his history of novel propulsion systems for the journal Progress in Aerospace Sciences.[9] Research by Dr. David Kaiser, Associate Professor of the History of Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, manifested the contributions made by the Gravity Research Foundation to the pedagogical aspects of the golden age of general relativity.[4] Dr. Joshua Goldberg, Syracuse University, described the Air Force's support of relativity research during that period.[5] Progress reports[6] and anecdotes and Internet resumes of former visiting and staff scientists have been the sources of the history of the Research Institute for Advanced Study (RIAS). Former aviation editor of Jane's Defense Weekly, Nick Cook, drew attention to the antigravity programs through worldwide publications of his book,[10] The Hunt for Zero Point, and subsequent televised documentaries. Mainstream historical accounts of the G-projects have been supplemented with conspiracy theory anecdotes.

Contemporaneous literature

Lists of the research institutes, industrial sites, and policy makers along with statements from prominent physicists were provided in five comprehensive works that had been published during the early years of the gravity control propulsion research. Aviation Studies (International) Limited, London, published a detailed report about those activities by the Gravity Research Group that was later declassified.[3] The Journal of the British Interplanetary Society and The Aeroplane published the propulsion survey and critical assessment of the American gravitics research by the internationally recognized astronautics historian A. V. Cleaver.[7] The New York Herald Tribune and Miami Herald published a series of three articles by one of the world's greatest aviation journalists of the twentieth century, Ansel Talbert.[11] Talbert's two series of newspaper articles took place in the midst of the policy-by-press-release era. Neither his nor the writings that followed the five prominent works from that period, yielded denials and/or retractions.

UFO and conspiracy theory literature

Gravity control propulsion research had been the subject of widely published UFO and conspiracy theory literature. The documented testimonies of whistleblowers edited by Dr. Steven Greer, Director of the Disclosure Project;[12] anecdotes and schematics by Mark McCandlish and Milton William Cooper;[12][13] and the reports by Philip J. Corso,[14] David Darlington,[15] and Donald Keyhoe,[16] famous UFO researcher, have suggested incorporation of reverse engineering of recovered extraterrestrial vehicles with the anti-gravity propulsion projects had enabled them to continue beyond 1973 to successfully manufacture antigravity vehicles. Branches of the military and defense agencies have denied and refuted such claims.

Theoretical research agencies

Talbert indicated the rationale for the intensified interest in gravity control propulsion research had stemmed from the works of three physicists.[11] They were Dr. Bryce DeWitt's prize-winning Gravity Research Foundation essay;[17] the book Gravity and the Universe by Pascual Jordan; and presentations to the International Astronautical Federation by Dr. Burkhard Heim.[2][18] DeWitt's essay discouraged the pursuit of materials that shield, reflect, and/or insulate gravity and emphasized the need to encourage young physicists to pursue gravitational research. He opened his essay with the following paragraph:
Before anyone can have the audacity to formulate even the most rudimentary plan of attack on the problem of harnessing the force of gravitation, he must understand the nature of his adversary. I take it as most axiomatic that the phenomenon of gravitation is poorly understood even by the best of minds, and the last word on it is very far indeed from having been spoken.
Several articles cited his essay during and after the gravity control propulsion research period. Within a few years facilities emerged embodying the theme of DeWitt's call for increased stimuli for research.

Physical principle surveys by Cleaver and Weyl stated the antigravity research was not based on any recognized theoretical breakthroughs. Cleaver's skepticism suggested an alternative rationale for establishing that research was based on a science fiction novel.[7] Weyl charged publishers with poor journalism; attacked their terminology; and gave the highest rating for prospective physical principles for gravity control propulsion to Burkhard Heim's works.[2] Stambler leveled harsh criticisms against Gluraheff's gravitation hypothesis.[19] Talbert and other authors listed the following three agencies as the principle facilities that had conducted the theoretical research:

Gravity Research Foundation

Several articles contained expressions of gratitude for the support to the gravity control propulsion endeavor by the Gravity Research Foundation.[20][21] Even though the Foundation was a humble, non-profit organization, its creator, Roger Babson, used his wealth and influence to mobilize industries; raise private and government funding; and motivate engineers and physicists to conduct research in gravity shielding and control.[22] According to his autobiography: "The purpose of the Foundation is to encourage others to work on gravity problems and aid others in obtaining rewards for their efforts."[23]

During Babson's lifetime, the Foundation conducted Gravity Day Conferences each summer; established a library on gravity; solicited essays that addressed (1.) various prospects for shielding gravity, (2.) the development and/or discovery of materials that could convert gravitational force into heat, or (3.) methods of manipulating gravity;[24] and installed monuments at various universities that cited its antigravity focus.

Aerospace Research Laboratories (ARL)

In September, 1956, the General Physics Laboratory of the Aeronautical Research Laboratories (ARL) at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio, commenced an intense program to coordinate research into gravitational and unified field theories with the hiring of Joshua N. Goldberg.[5] Creation by ARL of Goldberg's program may have been coincidental to the Talbert's disclosures of commitments to gravity control propulsion research.[18] The precise rationale for creating the program and justifying its budgets and personnel may never be determined. Neither Goldberg nor the Air Force's Deputy for Scientific and Technical Information, Walter Blados, were able to locate the founding documents.[5] Roy Kerr, a former ARL scientist, stated the antigravity propulsion purpose of ARL was "rubbish" and that "The only real use that the USAF made of us was when some crackpot sent them a proposal for antigravity or for converting rotary motion inside a spaceship to a translational driving system."[25] The December 30, 1957 issue of Product Engineering closed its report with the following statement:
Nevertheless, the Air Force is encouraging research in electrogravitics, and many companies and individuals are working on the problem. It could be that one of them will confound the experts.[26]
During the following sixteen years, its name was changed to the Aerospace Research Laboratories. The ARL scientists produced nineteen technical reports[5] and over seventy peer-reviewed journal articles.[27] The Air Force's Foreign Technical Division,[28] and other agencies,[29] investigated stories[30][31] about Soviet attempts to understand gravity. Such actions were consistent with the paranoia of the Cold War.

The funding for the military components of the gravity control propulsion research had been terminated by the Mansfield Amendment of 1973. Black project experts,[10] conspiracy theorists,[16] and whistleblowers[12][14] had suggested the gravity control propulsion efforts had achieved their goals and had been continued decades beyond 1973.

Research Institute for Advanced Study (RIAS)

The Research Institute for Advanced Study (RIAS) was conceived by George S. Trimble, the vice president for aviation and advanced propulsion systems, Glenn L. Martin Company, and was placed under the direct supervision of Welcome Bender. The first person Bender hired was Louis Witten internationally recognized authority on gravitation physics.[32] Talbert's article had announced Trimble's completion of contractual agreements with Pascual Jordan and Burkhard Heim for RIAS. Subsequent hires yielded a half dozen gravity researchers known as the field theory group. Sir Arthur C. Clarke and others stated RIAS' assemble of talent was very qualified for the task of discovering new principles that could be used to develop gravity control propulsion systems.[33]

The quest for propulsion through gravity control was vaguely implied in various publications. Works by Cook and Cleaver summarized statements in the RIAS brochures. Cook had equated the broad range of RIAS's mission statements with those of Skunk Works. In 1958, Mallan reported "the control of the force of gravity itself for propulsion" was one of the unorthodox goals initiated by Trimble for RIAS.[34]

RIAS was renamed the Research Institute for Advanced Studies during the sixties when the American-Marietta Company merged with Martin to become the Martin Marietta Company. The 1995 merger that yielded the Lockheed Martin Company modified its goals and not its name.

Aerospace firms

Talbert's newspaper series and subsequent articles in technical magazines and journals listed the names of aerospace firms conducting gravity control propulsion research. Stambler stated:
It is well known that several major companies in the aviation industry are working on "anti-gravitational devices." Unfortunately, this is about the only hard and fast statement that can be made about the subject of anti-gravitics.[19]
The Gravity Research Group indicated those companies had constructed "rigs" to improve the performance of Thomas Townsend Brown's gravitators through attempts to develop materials with high dielectric constants (k).[3] Gravity Rand Limited provided a set of guidelines to help management conduct research and nurture creativity.[1] Articles about the gravity propulsion research by the aerospace firms ceased after 1974. None of the companies featured in those publications had filed retractions. The following is a list of the aerospace firms that had been cited in the works published from 1955 through 1974:
Bell Aircraft, Buffalo, New York.[11]
Boeing Aircraft.[16]
Clarke Electronics, Palm Springs, California.[11]
Convair, San Diego.[11]
Douglas Aircraft.[3]
Electronics Division, Ryan Aeronautical Company, San Diego.[35]
General Electric.[11]
Glenn L. Martin Company, Baltimore, Maryland.[11]
Gluhareff Helicopter & Airplane Corporation, Manhattan Beach, California.[11]
Grumman Aircraft.[36]
Hiller Aircraft.[3]
Hughes Aircraft.[16]
Lear Incorporated, Santa Monica, California.[11]
Lockheed Aircraft Corporation.[33]
Radio Corporation.[16]
Sikorsky Division of United Aircraft.[11]
Sperry Gyroscope Division of Sperry Rand Corporation, Great Neck, Long Island.[11]

Reported breakthroughs

None of the reported experimental breakthroughs published during the 1950s and 1960s have been recognized by the aerospace community.

Experimental

Brown's gravitator

Various reports indicated Brown's gravitators were the main experimental focus of the gravity control propulsion research.[3] According to G. Harry Stine and Intel, research on Brown's gravitators became classified immediately after demonstrations of 30% weight reductions.[37][38] Thomas Townsend Brown had obtained a British patent for high voltage, symmetric, parallel plate capacitors, that he called gravitators, in 1928.[39] Brown claimed they would produce a net thrust in the direction of the anode of the capacitor that varied slightly with the positions of the Moon.[40] The scientific community rejected such claims as products of pseudoscience and/or misinterpretations of ion wind effects.

Independent research [41] found small amount of lift from Brown's gravitator based on an inefficient use of ionic propulsion. The devices were named Ion Lifters or Ionocraft and were reported to be able to lift the empty shell of a vehicle under ideal conditions, but not the additional machinery required to generate the electric field. Gravity effects were not found in the independent research.

Kaplan's gravity-like impulses

In July 1960, Missiles and Rockets reported Martin N. Kaplan, Senior Research Engineer, Electronics Division, Ryan Aeronautical Company, San Diego, had conducted anti-gravitational experiments yielding the promise of impulses, accelerations, and decelerations one hundred times the pull of gravity.[35] Neither comments nor criticism of the report appeared in subsequent articles during the period of intensified gravity control propulsion research (see Section 1 of tractor beam for similar reports).

Theoretical

Forward's protational field

Robert L. Forward, Hughes Research Laboratories, Malibu, described the theoretical generation of dipole gravitational fields by accelerating a super-dense fluid through pipes wound around a torus.[42] Such techniques are far beyond the reach of conventionally available technology.

Legacies

Many of the contributors to general relativity have been supported by and/or associated with the ARL, RIAS, and/or the Gravity Research Foundation. The decades preceding the 1955 revelation of the gravity control propulsion research were a low water mark for general relativity.[43][44] The following summarizes how the components of that research had stimulated the resurgence of general relativity:

Gravity Research Foundation

Even though some of the physicists who attended the Gravity Day Conferences quietly mocked the anti-gravity mission of the Foundation,[45] it provided significant contributions to mainstream physics.[46] The International Journal of Modern Physics D has featured selected papers from the Gravity Research Foundation essay competition. Many have been incorporated with the collections of the Niels Bohr Library. A few of the Foundation essay contest winners became Nobel laureates (e.g., Ilya Prigogine, Maurice Allais, George F. Smoot). Foundation essays have been among the resources graduate students check for new ideas.[22] Kaiser summarized the Foundation's influence in the following manner:
Despite the vast conceptual gulf separating Babson from the new generation of relativists, we are left with intriguing, and perhaps ironic associations: by organizing conferences, sponsoring the annual essay contests, and making money and enthusiasm widely available for people interested in gravity, the eccentric Gravity Research Foundation may claim at least some small amount of the credit for helping to stimulate the postwar resurgence of interest in gravitation and general relativity.[4]
Foundation trustee, Agnew Bahnson, contacted Dr. Bryce DeWitt with a proposal to fund the creation of a gravity research institute.[4][47] DeWitt had won the first prize for the 1953 essay contest. The proposed name was changed to the Institute for Field Physics and it was established in 1956 at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill under the direction of Bryce and his wife, Cécile DeWitt-Morette.[48]

The peer reviewed physics journal, Physica C, published a report by Eugene Podkletnov and Nieminen about gravity-like shielding.[49] Although their work had gained international attention, researchers were not able to replicate Podkletnov's initial conditions.[50][51][52] But, analyses by Giovanni Modanese[53] and Ning Wu[54] indicated various applications of quantum gravity theory could allow gravitational shielding phenomena. Those achievements have not been pursued by the scientific community.

Aerospace Research Laboratories (ARL)

The list of prominent contributors to the golden age of general relativity, contains the names of several scientists who had authored the nineteen ARL Technical Reports and/or seventy papers. The ARL sponsored papers were published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Physical Review, Journal of Mathematical Physics, Physical Review Letters, Physical Review D, Review of Modern Physics, General Relativity and Gravitation, International Journal of Theoretical Physics, and Nuovo Cimento B. Some of the ARL papers were written in collaboration with RIAS, the U.S. Army Signal Research and Development Laboratory at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, and the Office of Naval Research. The ARL had provided significant enhancements to general relativity theory. For example, Roy Kerr's description of the behavior of space-time in the vicinity of a rotating mass was among those works.[55] Goldberg concluded: "However, it should be recognized that, in the United States, the Department of Defense played an essential role in building a strong scientific community without widespread encroachment on academic values."[5]

Research Institute for Advanced Studies (RIAS)

The growth of nonlinear differential equations during the fifties was stimulated by RIAS. One of the leading groups in dynamical systems and control theory, the Lefschetz Center for Dynamical Systems,[3] was a spinoff from RIAS. After the launch of Sputnik, world-class mathematician Solomon Lefschetz came out of retirement to join RIAS in 1958 and formed the world's largest group of mathematicians devoted to research in nonlinear differential equations.[56] The RIAS mathematics group stimulated the growth of nonlinear differential equations through conferences and publications. It left RIAS in 1964 to form the Lefschetz Center for Dynamical Systems at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.

UFO and conspiracy theories

On May 9, 2001, Mark McCandlish testified on the televised news conference held by the Disclosure Project, at the National Press Club, Washington, D.C. He stated gravity control propulsion research had started in the fifties and had successfully reverse engineered the vehicle retrieved from the Roswell crash site to build three Alien Reproduction Vehicles by 1981.[57] McCandlish described their propulsion systems in terms of Thomas Townsend Brown's gravitators and provided a line drawing of its interior. The diagram closely resembled the drawing provided earlier in Milton William Cooper's book. Another Disclosure Project whistleblowers, Philip J. Corso, stated in his book the craft retrieved from the second crash site at Roswell, New Mexico, had a propulsion system resembling Thomas Townsend Brown's gravitators.[14] And, Corso's book featured several gravity control propulsion statements made by Professor Hermann Oberth.

Soon after the end of the Cold War, a small group of scientists and engineers openly expressed their desire to use technologies developed by black projects for civil applications.[58] Dr. Steven Greer formed the Disclosure Project in 1995 to help those and other research whistleblowers share their information with and to petition Congress. By 2001, it had provided reports to two Congressional hearings and had acquired over 400 members from branches of the military and aerospace industry.

During the early 1960s, Keyhoe published excerpts from a letter by Hermann Oberth that presented explanations for the flight characteristics of UFO's in terms of gravity control propulsion.[16] Prior to Oberth's letter, Keyhoe had supported arguments for magnetic forces as the source of propulsion for UFO's. The letter caused him to search for the existence of gravity control propulsion research programs. The following is a segment of his findings he had released in his 1966 and 1974 publications:
When AF researchers fully realized the astounding possibilities, headquarters persuaded scientists, aerospace companies and technical laboratories to set up anti-gravity projects, many of them under secret contracts. Every year, the number of projects increased. In 1965, forty-six unclassified G-projects were confirmed to me by the Scientific Information Exchange of the Smithsonian Institution. Of the forty-six, thirty-three were AF-controlled.
During his press conferences on February 2, 1955 in Bogotá, Colombia, and February 10, 1955 in Grand Rapids, Michigan aviation pioneer William Lear, stated one of his reasons for believing in flying saucers was the existence of American research efforts into antigravity.[59] Talbert's series of newspaper articles about the intensified interest in gravity control propulsion research were published during the Thanksgiving week of that year.

References

1.^ Jump up to: a b Gravity Rand Ltd (1956, December). The gravitics situation. In T. Valone (Ed.). (2001, January, 4th ed.) Electrogravitics systems: Reports on a new propulsion methodology (pp. 42-77). Washington, D.C: Integrity Research Institute. ISBN 0-9641070-0-7
2.^ Jump up to: a b c Weyl, A. R. (1957, October). 'Antigravity'. Aeronautics, 37(2), 80-86. (British Aviation Publications). Weyl, A. R. (1959a, January). "Knowledge and possibilities of gravity research" (DTIC No. AD-0830247). W. R. Eichler (Trans.) Weltraumfahrt; Zeitschrift für Rakententechnik, 9, 100-106 (original work published December 1958). Weyl, A. R. (1959b, February). Gravity and the prospects for astronautics. Aeronautics, 59(6), 16-22. (British Aviation Publications).
3.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Gravity Research Group (1956, February). Electrogravitic systems: An examination of electrostatic motion, dynamic counterbary and barycentric control (Report GRG 013/56). London: Aviation Studies (International) Ltd. In T. Valone (Ed.). (2001, January, 4th ed.) Electrogravitics systems: Reports on a new propulsion methodology (pp. 11-41). Washington, D.C.: Integrity Research Institute. ISBN 0-9641070-0-7
4.^ Jump up to: a b c d Kaiser, D. (2000). Chapter 10 – Roger Babson and the rediscovery of general relativity. In Making theory: Producing physics and physicists in postwar America (Ph.D. dissertation: pp. 567-594). Harvard University.
5.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Goldberg, J. M. (1992). United States Air Force support of general relativity: 1956-1972. In, J. Eisenstaedt & A. J. Kox (Ed.), Studies in the History of General Relativity, Volume 3 Boston: Center for Einstein Studies. ISBN 0-8176-3479-7.
6.^ Jump up to: a b Bender, W. W. (1961). RIAS. Baltimore, Maryland: RIAS. Available from Stan Piet, Archive Director, Glenn L. Martin Maryland Aviation Museum, P.O. Box 5024, Middle Road, MD 21220.
7.^ Jump up to: a b c Cleaver, A. V. (1957, April–June). 'Electro-gravitics': What it is – or might be. Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, 16(2, issue 75), 84-94. Cleaver, A. V. (1957, March 15). Something about electro-gravitics. The Aeroplane, 92(2376), 385-387.
8.Jump up ^ Gladych, M. (1957, July). Spaceship that conquers gravity. Mechanix Illustrated, 53(7), 98-100, 174, 181.
9.Jump up ^ Allen, J. E. (2003). "Quest for a novel force: A possible revolution in aerospace". Progress in Aerospace Sciences 39: 1–60. Bibcode:2003PrAeS..39....1A. doi:10.1016/S0376-0421(02)00049-0.
10.^ Jump up to: a b Cook, N. (2002). The hunt for zero point: Inside the classified world of antigravity technology. New York: Broadway Books. ISBN 0-7679-0627-6.
11.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Talbert, A. E. (1955a, November 20). Conquest of gravity aim of top scientists in U.S., New York Herald-Tribune: Sunday, pp. 1 and 36. Talbert, A. E. (1955b, November 21). Space-ship marvel seen if gravity is outwitted, New York Herald-Tribune: Monday, pp. 1 and 6. Talbert, A. E. (1955c, November 22). New air dream-planes flying outside gravity, New York Herald-Tribune: Tuesday, pp. 6 and 10. Talbert, A. E. (1955, November 30). Scientists taking first steps in assault on gravity barrier, The Miami Herald: Wednesday, pp. 1, 2-A. Talbert, A. E. (1955, December 1). Future planes may defy gravity and air lift in space travel, The Miami Herald: Thursday, p. 2-B. Talbert, A. E. (1955, December 2). Engineers Aiming to Flout Gravity, The Miami Herald: Friday.
12.^ Jump up to: a b c Greer, S. M. (2001). Disclosure: Military and government witnesses reveal the greatest secrets in modern history. Crozet, Virginia: Crossing Point, Incorporated. ISBN 0-9673238-1-9.
13.Jump up ^ Cooper, M. W. (1991). Behold a pale horse. Flagstaff, Arizona: Light Technology Publishing ISBN 0-929385-22-5.
14.^ Jump up to: a b c Corso, P. J. (1997). The day after Roswell. New York: Pocket Books. ISBN 0-671-00461-1.
15.Jump up ^ Darlington, D. (1997). Area 51: The dreamland chronicles. New York: Henry Holt and Company, Inc. ISBN 0-8050-6040-5.
16.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Keyhoe, D. (1966, January). I know the secret of the flying saucers. True, The Man's Magazine, 47(344), 340. Keyhoe, Donald (1974, December). Aliens from Space - The Real Story of Unidentified Flying Objects (pp. 39-40). New York: The New American Library. LCCN 73-83597.
17.Jump up ^ DeWitt, B. S. (1953). New directions for research in the theory of gravitation. Essays on gravity. New Boston, New Hampshire: Gravity Research Foundation
18.^ Jump up to: a b Cisco, T. A. (2006, February 18). Testing Heim's theories. New Scientist, 189(2539), 27 [1]
19.^ Jump up to: a b Stambler, E. (1957). "Anti-gravity – fact or fancy?". Aviation Age 27 (5): 26–31.
20.Jump up ^ Aero News Digest section (March, 1956). Anti-gravity Studies Booming. Aero Digest, 72(3), 6, 8.
21.Jump up ^ Sladek, J. (2003, February). Science Fiction and Pseudoscience [p. 16]. Berkshire, United Kingdom: Ansible E-ditions. First published in the British Science Fiction Association's Vector,62, November/December 1972. [2]
22.^ Jump up to: a b Mooallem, J. (1889). "A curious attraction". Harper's Magazine 315: 84–91.
23.Jump up ^ Babson, R. W. (1950). Actions and reactions – An autobiography of Roger W. Babson (Second revised edition). New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, pp. 340-344.
24.Jump up ^ Gravity Awards (1957, March). Science p. 390.
25.Jump up ^ Kerr, R. P. (2007, June 8). Discovering the Kerr and Kerr-Schild metrics. arXiv: 0706.1109v1 [gr-qc].
26.Jump up ^ Electrogravitics: Science or daydream? (1957, December 30). Product Engineering, 28(26), 12.
27.Jump up ^ A list of forty papers was disclosed to the author on December 2, 2004 by Dr. Boyko V. Ivanov. Subsequent literature reviews expanded it to over seventy.
28.Jump up ^ Radzievskiy, V. V. and Kagal'Nikova, I. I. (1964, May 8). The nature of gravitation. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio: Foreign Technology Division. (NTIS No. AD601762).
29.Jump up ^ Mallan, L. (1959). Russia and the big red lie (Fawcett Book 417). Greenwich, Connecticut: Fawcett Publications, pp. 138-139.
30.Jump up ^ Schwartz, H. (1958, March 2). Russian reports a gravity theory. The New York Times. P. L-17.
31.Jump up ^ Frisch, B. H. (1965). "How to fall up.". Science Digest 58 (6): 42–46.
32.Jump up ^ Bass, R. W. (2002, Spring/Summer). Some reminiscences of control and system theory in the period 1955-1960: Introduction of Dr. Rudolf E. Kalman. Real Time [pp. 2-6]. Huntsville, Alabama: Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Alabama in Huntsville.
33.^ Jump up to: a b Clarke, A. C. (1957). "The conquest of gravity". Holiday 22 (6): 62.
34.Jump up ^ Mallan, L. (1958). Space satellites (How to book 364). Greenwich, Connecticut: Fawcett Publications, pp. 9-10, 137, 139. LCCN 58-001060.
35.^ Jump up to: a b Force (1960). "July 11". Missiles and Rockets 7 (2): 27.
36.Jump up ^ Research section (February 8, 1958). How to 'fall' into space. Business Week, (no. 1484) pp. 51-53.
37.Jump up ^ Stine, G. H. (1957). "Conquest of space: anti-gravity: power of the future". Mechanix Illustrated 53 (6): 22–23.
38.Jump up ^ Intel (1956). "Towards flight without stress or strain… or weight". Interavia 11 (5): 373–374.
39.Jump up ^ Brown, T. T. (1928, November 15). Great Britain Patent No. 300,311.
40.Jump up ^ Brown, T. T. (1929). "How I control gravitation. Science & Invention in the". Psychic Observer 37: 1.
41.Jump up ^ "Research By Others".
42.Jump up ^ Forward, R. L. (1961, September 11). Practical anti-gravity still far off. Missiles and Rockets, 9(11), 28-45. Forward, R. L. (1963, March). Guidelines to antigravity. American Journal of Physics, 31(3), 166-170.
43.Jump up ^ Kaiser, D. (1998). "A ψ is just a ψ? Pedagogy, practice, and the reconstruction of general relativity, 1942-1975". Studies in History, Philosophy, Modern Physics 29 (3): 321–338. doi:10.1016/S1355-2198(98)00010-0.
44.Jump up ^ Eisenstaedt, J. (1989). The low water mark of general relativity, 1925-1955. In D. Howard and J. Stachel (Ed.), Einstein and the History of General Relativity (pp. 277-292). Boston: Birkhäuser.
45.Jump up ^ Kaiser, D. (1999). Roger Babson and the rediscovery of general relativity. Fifth International Conference on the History and Foundations of General Relativity. University of Notre Dame, Indiana.
46.Jump up ^ Witten, L. (1998). Introductory remarks on the gravity research foundation on its fiftieth anniversary. Presented at the 15th International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation. In N. Dadhich and J. Narlikar (Ed.) Gravitation and relativity: at the turn of the millennium (p. 375). Pune, India: Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics.
47.Jump up ^ Confirmed on April 12, 2004 via private communication with Dr. David Kaiser.
48.Jump up ^ CWP at physics.UCLA.edu // Cecile DeWitt-Morette at cwp.library.ucla.edu
49.Jump up ^ Podkletnov, E., & Nieminen, R. (1992). A possibility of gravitational force shielding by bulk YBa2Cu3O7-x superconductor. Physica C, 203, 441-444.
50.Jump up ^ Woods, R. C. (2004). "February 4. Review of claims of interaction between gravitation and high-temperature superconductors". AIP Conference Proceedings 669 (1): 1085–1092.
51.Jump up ^ Hathaway, G.; Cleveland, B.; Bao, Y. (2003). "April 1. Gravity modification experiment using a rotating superconducting disk and radio frequency fields". Physica C 385 (4): 488–500. Bibcode:2003PhyC..385..488H. doi:10.1016/S0921-4534(02)02284-0.
52.Jump up ^ Li, N.; Noever, D.; Robertson, T.; Koczor, R.; Brantley, W. (1997). "August 1). Statis test for a gravitational force coupled to type II YBCO superconductors". Physica C 281 (2–3): 260–267. Bibcode:1997PhyC..281..260L. doi:10.1016/S0921-4534(97)01462-7.
53.Jump up ^ Modanese, G. (1996). "August 20). Theoretical analysis of a reported weak-gravitational-shielding effect". Europhysics Letters 35 (6): 413–418. arXiv:hep-th/9505094. Bibcode:1996EL.....35..413M. doi:10.1209/epl/i1996-00129-8.
54.Jump up ^ Wu, N. (2004). "Gravitational shielding effect in gauge theory of gravity". Communications in Theoretical Physics 41 (4): 567–572.
55.Jump up ^ Kerr, R. P. (1963). "Gravitational field of a spinning mass as an example of algebraically special metrics". Physical Review Letters 11 (5): 237–238. Bibcode:1963PhRvL..11..237K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.11.237.
56.Jump up ^ Allen, K. N. (1988). "Undaunted genius". Clark News 11 (1): 9.
57.Jump up ^ Google Image Result for http://www.coasttocoastam.com/timages/page/mark092705a.jpg at www.coasttocoastam.com
58.Jump up ^ Scott, W. B. (1992). "March 9). 'Black world' engineers, scientists encourage using highly classified technology for civil applications". Aviation Week & Space Technology 136 (10): 66–67.
59.Jump up ^ Dolan, R. M. (2002). UFOs and the national security state: Chronology of a cover-up 1941–1973 [Revised Edition]. Charlottesville, Virginia: Hampton Roads Publishing Company, Inc. ISBN 1-57174-317-0.

Further reading
Yi, Y. (2004, January). An interview with Jack K. Hale. Dynamical Systems Magazine (SIAM DSWeb Magazine).[4]

 Return to The Montauk Project