AntigravityElectrostatic Energy Used for Propulsion
Etherial Electrogravitics 1. MODERN ETHER DRIFT EXPERIMENT: A. Brillet and J.L. Hall conducted a modern ether drift experiment in 1979. Brillet and Hall put a laser on a rotating platform and split the beam. One part of the beam went into a Fabry-Perot interferometer, the other was directed via mirrors off the platform to be compared with a reference beam from a stationary laser. The frequency of the rotating laser was compared with that of the reference laser; the difference was Fourier analyzed. Any anisotropy of the speed of light would show up as a frequency shift which varied dependent on the direction of the interferometer. If the old pre-Lorentz ether theory were true (static ether), they would have found a frequency shift dependent on sidereal direction of the interferometer and found no such effect. They also found a frequency shift of 17 Hz at twice the table rotation rate, which they could not explain on direction of interferometer with respect to the lab. It is this effect which is predicted by an entrained ether theory. An entrained ether theory favors a dynamic ether, an ether that can be entrained in motion by a rotating object, such as earth, embedded within the dynamic ether. 2. ETHER EXPLANATIONS: If a velocity-dependent medium such as the ether could be established by experiment, then it could open the door to alternative explanations to SR and GR regarding physical phenomena. If this ether is quantized, then we could explore the theoretical nature of a quantum ether. Is gravity a result of some state of the quantum ether? Does the quantum ether explain inertia? What does an electric or magnetic field do to the state of the quantum ether? Are material particles some wave-state of the quantum ether? Can we unify physical principles by considering a quantum ether? 3. EXPERIMENTING WITH LIGHT: A test of light speed could be made if some object holding a measuring device could accelerate to some sizable fraction of light speed, say .5c, and test the speed of an electromagnetic emission from this object through space to a reflection point and back to the object from the reference frame of the moving object. Also, Bryan Wallace delivered a paper on the 1961 measurements of the distance of Venus using radar. Wallace claims that the inconsistencies in the measurements are not supportive of SR, but support a C+v velocity for the radar signal. Perhaps a review of this data, and further refined experiments could determine if the data is consistent with SR or Galilean addition of velocities. 4. SPACE DRIVES: Why is it important to determine the nature of the ether of space and time? One obvious answer is to determine whether we could find new ways to travel through space or time. The most common solution offered in the past has been to use hyperspatial dimensions to cross enormous distances that separate stellar systems. While it is true that space could harbor more than three dimensions, and time could be enfolded from greater than one dimension, the energy dimensions of ether have yet to be explored. NASA is now interested in breakthrough physics, on new solutions to space travel, on dispensing with rocket propellants and finding new sources of energy, and on theoretical means for breaking the light barrier. If the light barrier can be broken by some sort of inertial drive, a drive that changes the resistance of the ether, reducing that resistance in a forward direction, then the velocity of an object may, indeed, exceed the measured velocity of light. In actual fact, if the properties of weight and mass can be nullified by application of electromagnetic forces to the ether in the vicinity of our test object, the object may be propelled without inertial lag and "g" forces to reach incredible speeds with the slightest expenditure of energy. 5. EXPERIMENTS IN ELECTROGRAVITICS: According to the Air Force Manual from Wright-Patterson AFB on Electrogravitics we have this description on the Thomas Townsend Brown discovery. Electrogravitics might be described as a synthesis of electrostatic energy used for propulsion - either vertical propulsion or horizontal or both - and gravitics, or dynamic counterbary, in which energy is also used to set up a local gravitational force independent of the earth's. Electrostatic energy for propulsion has been predicted as a possible means of propulsion in space when the thrust from a neutron motor or ion motor would be sufficient in a dragless environment to produce astronomical velocities. But the ion motor is not strictly a part of the science of electrogravitics, since barycentric control in an electrogravitics system is envisaged for a vehicle operating within the earth's environment and it is not seen initially for space application. Probably large scale space operations would have to await the full development of electrogravitics to enable large pieces of equipment to be moved out of the region of the earth's strongest gravity effects. So, though electrostatic motors were thought of in 1925, electrogravitics had its birth after the War, when Townsend Brown sought to improve on the various proposals that then existed for electrostatic motors sufficiently to produce some visible manifestation of sustained motion. Whereas earlier electrostatic tests were essentially pure research, Brown's rigs were aimed from the outset at producing a flying article. As a private venture he produced evidence of motion using condensers in a couple of saucers suspended by arms rotating round a central tower with input running down the arms. The massive-k situation was summarized subsequently in a report, Project Winterhaven, in 1952. Using the data some conclusions were arrived at that might be expected from ten or more years of intensive development - similar to that, for instance, applied to the turbine engine. Using a number of assumptions as to the nature of gravity, the report postulated a saucer as the basis of a possible interceptor with Mach 3 capability. Creation of a local gravitational system would confer upon the fighter the sharp-edged changes of direction typical of motion in space. The essence of electrogravitics thrust is the use of a very strong positive charge on one side of the vehicle and a negative on the other. The core of the motor is a condenser and the ability of the condenser to hold its charge (the k-number) is the yardstick of performance. With air as 1, current dielectrical materials can yield 6 and use of barium aluminate can raise this considerably, barium titanium oxide (a baked ceramic) can offer 6,000 and there is promise of 30,000, which would be sufficient for supersonic speed. The original Brown rig produced 30 fps on a voltage of around 50,000 and a small amount of current in the milliamp range. There was no detailed explanation of gravity in Project Winterhaven, but it was assumed that particle dualism in the subatomic structure of gravity would coincide in its effect with the issuing stream of electrons from the electrostatic energy source to produce counterbary. The Brown work probably remains a realistic approach to the practical realization of electrostatic propulsion and sustentation. Whatever may be discovered by the Gravity Research Foundation of New Boston a complete understanding and synthetic reproduction of gravity is not essential for limited success. The electrogravitics saucer can perform the function of a classic lifting surface - it produces a pushing effect on the under surface and a suction effect on the upper, but, unlike the airfoil, it does not require a flow of air to produce the effect. 6. AN EXPERIMENT IN MAGNETOGRAVITICS: The limitation in potential difference achieved by the Brown apparatus has led some of us involved in gravity research to consider the use of magnets and magnetic fields. The basis of this concept in magnetogravitics is the MHD generator. If a hot gas is seeded with certain elements and the gas is totally ionized this will produce a plasma in which all nucleons and electrons are disassociated in a hydrodynamic mixture. This charged or stratified charged mixture is confined to a volume of space by bottling it inside a magnetic field. Varying magnetic fields are also used to deflect cathode rays in television tubes or particle acclerators. By confining the charges in a magnetic bottle very high potentials can develop without dielectric breakdown. Much is known concerning magnetic flux rotation through conductors or conduction currents confined by magnetic fields, but little is known about interacting magnetic fields. An experiment now being assembled tests the hypothesis that a homopolar generator, a generator consisting of a coupled conducting disk and magnet that co-rotates with the armature. Usually such an apparatus is tapped for high amperage currents. In my proposal the homopolar generator rotates within a time-varying magnetic field to increase the potential difference across the radius of the disk, maintaining this potential by magnetic confinement of rim charge. A conducting disk of Alnico with a slightly raised center would be an ideal armature as it should act as a one-piece homopolar generator. In previous measurements of spinning homopolar disks, the center becomes strongly positive and the rim of the disk, negative. This could be considered an open Brown capacitor that should exhibit an electrogravity effect. It is also proposed that measurements should be taken similar to the measurements taken in the Finnish superconductor weight-reduction experiments. 7. FUTURE DIRECTIONS: In effect, electrogravitic or magnetogravitic propulsion if successfully developed would lead to a novel form of asymmetric thrust that could be adapted to ground, air, and space transport systems. Such devices could be energized using fuel cells or possibly so-called cold fusion cells and revolutionize our entire systems of transportation. Beyond this we must find means to extend our exploration of space. AntigravityGravitational Systems
Gravitational Attractive and Repulsive
Systems Introduction Before discussing gravity or antigravity, it is necessary to have a workable definition of both. All matter, from the simplest form to the most complex is vibrating surfaces, or strings as some like to believe (though nobody has ever told me how vibrating strings can hold three dimensionality for very long). Anyhow, matter naturally vibrates in unison or harmony with all other matter. This matter vibration creates waves in the ether, and when separate matter produces waves, the separate wave patterns create interference patterns that consist of the intersections of the emitted waves. The effect is like the pattern that forms when two stones are tossed into a pond in different places ū only this happens in three dimensions. Evidently, these ethereal interference patterns create a higher ethereal energy state or inequilibrium and the ether naturally attempts to return to a lower energy state or equilibrium. If separate matter is vibrating in unisons or harmonies, moving the matter closer together results in a reduction of interference patterns and therefore moves the system closer to equilibrium. However, it is possible for matter to vibrate in discord to the unisons and harmonies of other matter. In this case, the ethereal interference patterns created cannot be resolved by moving the matter closer together; rather, they increase due to the amplitude increase of the waves seen as the matter comes together. Therefore, to move the ether towards a lower energy state or equilibrium, the matter in discord is pushed away to reduce the intensity of the interference patterns. Examples of both unisonic and harmonic attraction and discordic repulsion may be often observed spectacularly from rapidly spinning black holes. In these black holes, the emitted wave pitch distortion is caused by a Doppler effect due to the core's rapid spin rate. As a black hole's core rotates, assuming a symmetrical core, pure Doppler distorted waves are emitted parallel to the axis, while perpendicular to the axis plane at the equator, the Doppler effect would seem to be cancelled out. This may happen because, from the equatorial plane, every point has equal mass moving towards it and away from it, and the average of the Doppler distortions occurring would be the unisonic and harmonic frequencies necessary for gravitational attraction. (Note: there are some unresolved difficulties with this distortion cancellation theory. I invite the readers to ponder and submit explanations as they occur) Therefore, we have massive gravitational attraction from the equatorial plane, and massive repulsion from the axis. This repulsion from some of the more massive holes has been repeatedly shown to produce matter jets that, according to scientists, seem to be travelling faster than the speed of light. Obviously, this Doppler distortion is a key to antigravity. There are also other methods of ethereal matter wave pitch distortion, such as the high voltage capacitive fields developed by Townsend Brown, and direct manipulation of matter vibrations using high harmonics of sonic or electromagnetic waves, but those will be discussed in future papers. I believe the easiest method of Doppler distorting matter waves is to use rotating systems, or as it is often called, gyroscopic antigravity. However, to really be useful, and produce significant distortion, a mass must be spun really, really fast. Atoms with unbalanced nuclei must be used in order to maintain, through inertial imbalances, a changing orientation throughout a each rotation. Otherwise, the nuclei will maintain their position and little distortion will occur, much like water and ice in a glass tend to hold their positions no matter how one turns the glass. But even with unbalanced nuclei, simply spinning a mass at achievable speeds has produced only minimal effects. Perhaps a feasible alternative would be to rotate many atomic nuclei at very high speeds. Nuclei are ultra-dense, nearly like little neutron stars or black holes, but with protons and a positive charge. Because nuclei rotate fairly stabily and without friction, it is possible to accelerate their rotation to their maximum speed and produce very strong Doppler distortions from their axis. Aligning the axis of nucleic rotation in a sample would provide directed distortion waves. There exists several ways to accomplish this nucleic spin. Rotation may be initiated primarily by free electron inertial transference, variable magnetic fields, or secondarily by gravitational or protonic or non-free electron inertial transference. Combinations of these methods may increase overall efficiency of a design. Certain nucleic geometries reflect, to a significant degree, the movements of nearby electrons. The elements that exhibit such geometries have an odd number of protons and an even number of neutrons. In such atoms, the protons are not uniformly dispersed throughout the nucleus. Instead, one side of the nucleus is slightly more positive than the other. They exhibit a slight natural distortion effect that may be deduced by observing their atomic radii, which are significantly smaller than expected due to the repulsive effect generated by nearby nuclei. The unbalanced element with the most massive nucleus is Bismuth, element 83. Its nucleus has the most amount of matter and the strongest inter-nucleic attractive forces which allow it the highest maximum spin rate of all the unbalanced nuclei. These factors combine to make Bismuth the obvious choice for electro-repulsive experiments. A stable element 115 would be better than Bismuth, but that may prove impossible. Electrically Induced Rotation To spin nuclei with electricity, it may be preferable to use a thin Bismuth film and pass high frequency current across the film to speed and align rotation. High frequency current has a tendency to travel on surfaces as far as possible from the interior of the conductor. Therefore, the current would be most likely to pass over the tops of the surface Bismuth atoms and less likely to pass through the valleys between them due to the electrical pressure. The effect can be likened to water falling over a waterwheel. This tendency would allow the axis of the Bismuth atoms to align perpendicular to the electrical flow and tangential to the film plane while simultaneously initiating and speeding nucleic rotation. Distortions would occur from the nuclei parallel to the axis. Inertial transference may be strong enough spin the Bismuth atoms that lie just beneath the surface layer in an opposite direction to the surface spins. The layer beneath this spins may oppositely again. This continues to the middle of the film where rotation is caused equally by the effect from both sides of the film. As every other atomic layer in the film rotates counter to the surface charge, limiting the thickness of the film may increase efficiency. But this design is hypothetical, mainly because Bismuth is not very conductive in its natural state. To initiate rotation it might be necessary to provide an adjacent highly conductive layer adjacent to the Bismuth film (Art Bell's Roswell Debris: http://www.artbell.com/rosreprt.html, and personal communication with Steve Wingate). With this design, charge still races across the Bismuth surface speeding and aligning nucleic rotation. Use of an element with balanced nuclei would be recommended to reduce the chance of rotational instability and disruptions due to interactions between the layers. Magnesium would be the obvious choice due to it's high conductivity and light weight. Multiple Bismuth and Magnesium layers might be sandwiched on top of one another for greater effect. High frequency current passed across such sandwiched layers will effect distortions towards the directions perpendicular to the electron flow and tangential to the sandwich plane. The extra conductive layer may not be necessary, as research into Bismuth films and micro-filaments suggests a natural superconductive tendency that is not present in thicker samples. It is possible that the superconductive effect results from the nucleic spin with nuclei acting as electron guides to reduce eddying and resistance. Possibly an experimental compact design would be similar to this. Around a conductive central core, a Bismuth film ten centimeters wide, a kilometer long, and a few microns thick is wrapped. From the core and between each successive Bismuth layer a similar dielectric layer is wrapped in a similar fashion to prevent a charge from taking a shortcut and bypassing a portion of the kilometer length. If the free end of the Bismuth film is grounded, and a sufficient high frequency current is passed from the core to the ground, distorted waves would be emitted out the top and bottom of the device. Possibly, the single Bismuth film in this design may need to be replaced by a Bismuth/Magnesium sandwich for more efficient rotation. However, once rotation is achieved, little energy is needed to continue rotation and wave distortion - the nuclei act as little flywheels. An interesting point of this design is its ability to work at a distance. Distorted waves are emitted in two approximate beams if the nucleic spin is stable enough. These beams would neither increase nor decrease over distance, only spread out according to their shape. The simplest stable platform based on this design would be an equilateral triangle with one distortion generator of this type at each corner. Varying the generators' orientations would provide maneuverability. Another design that would be useful would be to use the successive Bismuth-dielectric films or Bismuth-Magnesium films to coat the outer surface of various shapes to provide repulsion across larger surfaces. The first shape to consider is the cigar shape. When coated with successive layers and a sufficient charge is passed through the "skin" from one end of the cigar to the other, distorted waves from each nucleus are generated towards the directions tangential to the skin and perpendicular to the plane which contains the nucleus and the cigar's lengthwise axis. Not only would this configuration provide a nice even lift, it would naturally align the cigar parallel to the earth's surface. It would also deflect, to a degree dependent on the intensity of distortion, all objects on an approach path towards it. This would provide protection from micrometeorites, projectiles, and even particle beam weapons if the distortion was strong enough - anything that is affected by gravity can be deflected. For maneuverability, a compact distortion generator as described above at each end of the cigar would do the job. The next logical shape to explore is the traditional "flying saucer" or disk shape. If coated similarly to the above cigar, and charged from top to bottom or vice versa, distorted waves would be emitted towards the directions tangential to the skin and perpendicular to the plane which contains the nucleus and the axis of the disk. If sitting on the ground, it would repulse laterally - providing zero lift. To the distorted waves from the lateral, the high frequency current needs to be made to travel around the axis instead of taking the shortest, fastest route between poles. The closer the spiraling of the electron flow, the closer the repulsive field aligns with the axis plane and therefore repulses more up and down. This spiraling may be accomplished with a spirally wound core or more efficiently with a winding just deep of exterior surface. With this design, only one compact distortion generator mounted axially is needed to provide maneuverability. There are limitations to these designs arising from the fact that all the distorted waves are directed tangential to the surface and never reach the interior of the craft. This limits the acceleration and deceleration to that which a human body could withstand. Why not put the occupants outside, under a dome on top of the craft? This way, the repulsion forces generated would, to a large degree, counter-balance the inertial forces on occupants as the craft accelerated upwards. Another solution might be to use a distortion skin with a rippled shape rather than smooth. There are many other possible shapes and configurations to explore using this wave distorting skin and modifications of the more compact design and combinations of them both. I urge you to discover these on your own. Magnetically Induced Rotation It also possible to induce nucleic rotation magnetically. My first design idea was to use a cylinder of Bismuth (it's the most diamagnetic, too - that means it resists a magnetic field) rotated within a collar of alternating magnetic poles. As the individual Bismuth atoms pass by a north pole, they will be turned and will complete a single rotation as they pass by the south pole. Thus for every two magnetic poles in the collar, one nucleic spin will be initiated. I would call it a rotational amplification device. Using a router motor operating at 25,000 and forty permanent or electromagnets in the collar, I expect individual nucleic spins at 500,000 rpm as the whole core rotates at 25,000 rpm. I hope that should do the distortion trick. The whole thing will look like a sun picture with the Bismuth core as the sun and forty electromagnet rays. My second idea was to construct a coil around a ferrous sleeve containing a Bismuth core. Using an AC frequency generator at the coils resonant frequency and then moving up the coilĘs harmonics would be a simpler and much more efficient method of inducing extremely rapid nucleic rotations in the Bismuth core. With this design, the speed of achievable rotations is dependent on the harmonic used and limited only by the highest harmonic used. Using this concept, it is also possible to construct a craft with a Bismuth shell on the outside and the coil on the inside around a ferrous rod. Hitting the coil at its resonant frequency and its harmonics should accomplish the same trick. Varying the position of the coil would allow for maneuverability. Again, there are many variations and combinations on this design which need to be explored. Well, I've never been very good at wrapping things up, so I will just say peace and God bless. Contact information: Joshua Gulick AntigravityInventions of Henry William Wallace
Gravitomagnetic Field / 'Gravity-Shielding' Experiments The Wallace Inventions, Spin Aligned Nuclei, the Gravitomagnetic Field, and the Tampere 'Gravity-Shielding' Experiment: Is There a Connection? September 1998
Source: Robert Stirniman Abstract Wallace's patents of the early 1970's claim that a rotating object which contains unpaired nuclear spins can modify gravity. An explanation in terms of a gravitational analogue to the magnetic field of electromagnetism has been proposed. Podkletnov's "gravity shielding" experiment at Tampere, now being replicated by NASA, may also be an example of the same effect. During the 1960s through the mid 1970s, Henry William Wallace was a scientist at GE Aerospace in Valley Forge PA, and GE Re-Entry Systems in Philadelphia. In the early 1970s, Wallace was issued patents [1,2,3] for some unusual inventions relating to the gravitational field. Wallace developed an experimental apparatus for generating and detecting a secondary gravitational field, which he named the kinemassic field, and which is now better known as the gravitomagnetic field. Wallace's experiments were based on aligning the nuclear spin of elements and isotopes which have an odd number of nucleons. These materials are characterized by a total nuclear spin which is an odd integral multiple of one-half (times Planck's constant), resulting in one nucleon with un-paired spin. Wallace drew an analogy between the un-paired angular momentum in these materials, and the un-paired magnetic moments of electrons in ferromagnetic materials. Wallace created nuclear spin alignment by rapidly spinning a brass disk. Brass is composed of elements (copper, zinc, etc.) most of whose isotopes have an odd number of nucleons. Nuclear spin becomes aligned in the spinning disk due to precession of nuclear angular momentum in an approximately intertial reference frame (such as the apparatus which holds the disk), a process similar to the magnetization developed by rapidly spinning a ferrous material (known as the Barnett effect). The gravitomagnetic field generated by the spinning disk is tightly coupled (0.01 inch air gap) to a gravitomagnetic field circuit composed of material also having half integral nuclear spin, and analogous to magnetic core material in transformers and motors. The gravitomagnetic field is transmitted through the field circuit and focused by the field material to a small space where it can be detected. In his three patents, Wallace describes three different methods used for detection of the gravitomagnetic field -- change in the motion of a body on a pivot, detection of a transverse voltage in a semiconductor crystal, and a change in the specific heat of a crystal material having spin-aligned nuclei. In a direct analogy with a magnetic circuit, the relative amount of the detected gravitomagnetic field always varied directly with the size of the air-gap between the generator disk and the field circuit. Wallace's patents are written in great detail, and he appears to be meticulous in his experimental design and practice. In my opinion, it is nearly certain that his experiments performed as claimed. None the less, there has been no scientific acknowledgment whatsoever of Wallace's discoveries. An in-depth search of the literature has uncovered only two references to Wallace's work [4,5] and each of these references merely creates further mystery. The necessary existence of a magnetic-like gravitational field has been well established by physicists specializing in general relativity, gravitational theories, and cosmology. But, the existence of this field is not well known in other of arenas of physical science. The gravitomagnetic field was first hypothesized by Heaviside in the 1880's. The field is predicted by general relativity, and was first formulated in a relativistic context in 1918 by Lense and Thirring [6]. In 1961, Forward [7] was the first to express the gravitational field equations in a vector form directly analogous and nearly identical to Maxwells equations for electromagnetics. During the last 20 years many other scientists [8-17] have published articles demonstrating the necessary existence of the gravitomagnetic field, using arguments based on general relativity, special relativity, and the cause and effect relationship which results from non-instantaneous propagation of energy (retardation). Nearly all of these authors present the gravitational field equations in a vector form similar to Maxwells equations. Some authors comment that these equations provide fundamental insights into gravitation, and it is unfortunate that they are not at all well known. Despite their relative simplicity and possible practical value, the Maxwell-like equations for gravitation do not appear in any undergraduate physics textbook. Just as in Maxwells equations for electromagnetics, it is found that in the presence of a time varying gravitomagnetic flux there will always exist concurrently a time varying gravitoelectric field. The secondary generated gravitoelectric field is a dipole field, and unlike the background gravitoelectric field due to mass charges, the generated gravitoelectric field always exists in closed loops. Henry Wallace recognized this and described it in his inventions. Wallace also describes another effect which may result from generation of a secondary gravitoelectric field. Wallace believed that a secondary gravito- electric field can result in exclusion of an existing primary background field. In other words, a gravitational shield can be created. The bulk of Wallace's patents describe his experimental apparatus, and his detection of the gravitomagnetic field. The effects detected are minuscule, and as such, may not be of immediate practical value. In reading his patents it is possible to become immersed in the detail of his experimental apparatus, and to neglect the possible significance of the alternative embodiment of his invention (figures 7, 7A, and 7B of his first patent). The alternative embodiment uses a time varying gravitomagnetic flux to create a secondary gravitoelectric field in an enclosed shell of material in order to shield the background gravitoelectric field of the earth. Unfortunately, Wallace does not state whether this embodiment was ever actually produced, and unlike the detailed discussion of his experimental apparatus, he provides no experimental findings or data to back his claim. Nor does he provide much in the way of theoretical arguments about how a secondary gravitoelectric field can act to exclude a primary field, except to state: "It is well known that nature opposes heterogeneous field flux densities." Is it well known that nature opposes heterogeneous flux densities? Well, not to me, and I can not find anything in the way of scientific literature to directly support this idea. But it does seem to make sense. It could be argued thusly. In a well-ordered manifold all derivatives of the fields, time-like and space-like, must be continuous. If you force a field to exist in a region of space, the existing background field is somehow required to form a pattern around or smoothly merge with the created field. Nature does not permit flux lines to act with cross-purposes and to exist with widely different directions in the same region of space. Flux lines can never cross. Wallace seems to have gotten his experiments right -- maybe he is also right in his claim of inventing a gravitational shield? In a ground breaking paper in 1966, Dewitt [18] was first to identify the significance of gravitational effects in a superconductor. Dewitt demonstrated that a magnetic-type gravitational field must result in the presence of fluxoid quantization. In 1983, Dewitt's work was substantially expanded by Ross [19]. Beginning in 1991, Ning Li, at the University of Alabama Huntsville, and Douglas Torr, formerly at Huntsville and now at the University of South Carolina, have published a number of articles about gravitational effects in superconductors [20-22]. One interesting finding they have derived is the source of gravitomagnetic flux in a type II superconductor material. In a striking similarity to the ideas of Henry Wallace, Li and Torr demonstrate that the gravitomagnetic field in a superconductor results from spin alignment of the lattice ions. Quoting from Li and Torr's second paper: "The interaction energy of the internal magnetic field with the magnetic moment of the lattice ions drives the lattice ions and superconducting condensate wave function to move together vortically within the range of the coherent length and results in an induced precession of the angular momentum of the lattice ions." And quoting from their third paper: "Recently we demonstrated theoretically that the carriers of quantized angular momentum are not the Cooper pairs but the lattice ions, which must execute coherent localized motion consistent with the phenomenon of superconductivity." And, "It is shown that the coherent alignment of lattice ion spins will generate a detectable gravitomagnetic field, and in the presence of a time-dependent applied magnetic vector potential field, a detectable gravitoelectric field." Li and Torr also demonstrate that the gravitomagnetic field in a superconductor has a relatively large magnitude compared with the magnetic field -- a factor of 10E11 times larger. The gravitational wave velocity in a superconductor is estimated as a factor of two magnitudes smaller than the velocity in free space. And the resulting estimate of relative gravitomagnetic permeability is four magnitudes (10 thousand times) greater than the permeability of free space. In their third paper, Torr and Li, demonstrate that it is possible to generate a time varying gravitomagnetic field in a superconductor, which must exist concurrently with a time varying gravitoelectric field. In 1995, Becker et al [23], show mathematically that a significant size gravitomagnetic field must always exist along with a magnetic field whenever there is flux pinning or other forms of flux trapping in a type II superconductor. They propose a macroscopic experiment to detect the gravitomagnetic field. Becker et al, choose not to speculate about the source of the gravitomagnetic field, except to provide a brief comment that it may result from spin of the lattice ions. One might ask, what is a pinning center if not a microscopic hole which carries trapped flux, and what must be source of the gravitomagnetic dipole moment if not the angular momentum of the lattice ions at the pinning center? Current Research Indirect detection of the gravitomagnetic field was reported in 1988 by Nordtvedt [24] by astronomical observations of the precession rate of the binary pulsar PSR 1913+16. A direct measurement of the earth's gravitomagnetic field was reported in 1997 by Ciufolini et al [25] by laser tracking of the LAGEOS II satellite. Results are pending for the NASA/Stanford Gravity Probe-B experiment to detect the earth's gravitomagnetic field with an orbiting superconductor gyroscope. In 1992, an experiment at Tampere University was reported by Podkletnov [26,27]. A torroidal shaped type II superconductor disk was suspended via the Meissner effect by a constant vertical magnetic field, and was rapidly rotated by a time varying horizontal magnetic field. Masses located in a cylindrical spacial geometry above the rotating disk were found to lose up to 2% of their weight. A gravitational shielding effect is claimed. Conclusion Is a time varying gravitomagnetic field generated in the Tampere disk due to the horizontal time varying magnetic field used to rotate the disk, and does this result in a time varying gravitoelectric field in the disk, and possibly also in the space surrounding the disk, and could this result in exclusion of the earth's primary background gravitoelectric field as claimed by Henry Wallace? In addition, questions remain as to whether the gravitomagnetic field (from the Maxwell-like gravity equations) is of a large enough magnitude to produce the effects reported by Podkletnov and Wallace. Acknowledgments Many of the ideas in this article have been developed in personal discussions with Kedrick Brown (http://home.att.net/~kfbrown/index.html). I would also like to thank Ron Kita for his kind support and useful background information about Henry Wallace. References 1. US Patent No 3626605, Method and Apparatus for Generating a Secondary Gravitational Force Field, Henry Wm Wallace, Ardmore PA, Dec 14, 1971. Wallace's first patent. The gravitomagnetic field is named the kinemassic field. The patent describes the embodiment of his experiment. An additional embodiment of the invention (Figures 7, 7A, and 7B) describes how a time varying gravitomagnetic field can be used to shield the primary background gravitoelectric field. Available on the web at http://www.eskimo.com/~billb/weird/wallc. 2. US Patent No 3626606, Method and Apparatus for Generating a Dynamic Force Field, Henry Wm Wallace, Ardmore PA, Dec 14, 1971. Wallace's second patent provides a variation of his experiment. A type III-V semiconductor material (Indium Arsenide), of which both materials have unpaired nuclear spin, is used as an electronic detector for the gravitomagnetic field. The experiment demonstrates that the material in his gravitomagnetic field circuit has hysterisis and remanence effects analogous to magnetic materials. Available on the web at http://www.eskimo.com/~billb/weird/wallc. 3. US Patent No 3823570, Heat Pump, Henry Wm Wallace, 60 Oxford Drive, Freeport NY, July 16, 1974 Wallace's third patent provides an additional variation of his experiment. Wallace demonstrates that by aligning the nuclear spin of materials having an odd number of nucleons, order is created in the material, resulting in a change in specific heat. 4. New Scientist, 14 February 1980, Patents Review. This article is one of the only references to Wallace's work anywhere in the literature. The article provides a brief summary of his invention and ends with this intriguing paragraph. "Although the Wallace patents were initially ignored as cranky, observers believe that his invention is now under serious but secret investigation by the military authorities in the US. The military may now regret that the patents have already been granted and so are available for anyone to read." 5. Electric Propulsion Study, Dennis L. Cravens, Science Applications International Corp, August 1990, Prepared for Astronautics Laboratory, Edwards AFB. This report provides a detailed review of a variety of 5-D theories of gravitational and electromagnetic interactions. It also provides a summary of a variety of possibly anomalous experiments, including experiments relating to spin aligned nuclei. The reports contains two paragraphs about Wallace's inventions -- partially quoted here: "The patents are written in a very believable style which include part numbers, sources for some components, and diagrams of data. Attempts were made to contact Wallace using patent addresses and other sources but he was not located nor is there a trace of what became of his work. The concept can be somewhat justified on general relativistic grounds since rotating frames of time varying fields are expected to emit gravitational waves." 6. On the Gravitational Effects of Rotating Masses: The Lense-Thirring Papers Translated, B. Mashhoon, F.W. Hehl, and D.S. Theiss. General Relativity and Gravitation, Vol 16, 711-50 (1984) A translation of the original article in German by J. Lense and H. Thirring published in 1918. This article is the first fairly comprehensive analysis of the necessary existence of the gravito-magnetic field. An earlier prediction of the existence of this field was made by Heaviside in the 1880s. 7. Proceedings of the IRE Vol 49 p 892, Robert L. Forward (1961) Forward was the first to express the gravitomagnetic field in the modern form of Maxwells equations for gravitation. He named it the prorotational field. 8. Gravitation, C.W. Misner, K.S. Thorne, and J.A. Wheeler, Freeman Publishing, San Francisco (1973). MTW is the bible of gravitational theorists. Among many other theories presented, gravitational field equations are derived from general relativity in a form similar to Maxwells equations. 9. Laboratory Experiments to Test Relativistic Gravity, Vladimir B. Braginsky, Carlton M. Caves, and Kip S. Thorne, Physical Review D, Vol 15 No 8 p2047, April 15 1977. Gravitational field equations are derived from General Relativity in a form similar to Maxwells equations. The gravitomagnetic field is called magnetic-type gravity. A variety of experiments are proposed and analyzed for detecting the gravitomagnetic field. 10. Foucault Pendulum at the South Pole: Proposal for an Experiment to Detect the Earth's General Relativistic Gravitomagnetic Field, Vladimir Braginsky, Aleksander Polnarev, and Kip Thorne, Physical Review Letters, Vol 53 No 9 p863, August 1984. Analyses an experiment for detecting the earth's gravitomagnetic field. Possibly the first authors to use the terms gravitomagnetic and gravitoelectric. 11. On Relativistic Gravitation, D. Bedford and P. Krumm, American Journal of Physics, Vol 53 No 9, September 1985. The necessary existence of the gravitomagnetic field is derived from arguments based on apecial relativity. The field is referred to as the gravitational analog of the magnetic field. 12. The Gravitational Poynting Vector and Energy Transfer, Peter Krumm and Donald Bedford, American Journal of Physics, Vol 55 No 4, p. 362, April 1987. Establishes the necessary existence of the gravitomagnetic field based on arguments from special relativity and energy conservation in mass flow. Derives the gravitational Poynting vector. Names the two types of gravitational fields as gravinetic and gravistatic. 13. Gravitomagnetism in Special Relativity, American Journal of Physics, Vol. 56, No. 6, p. 523, June 1988. Predicts the existence of the gravitomagnetic field using special relativity and time dilation. Names the fields gravielectric and gravimagnetic. 14. Detection of the Gravitomagnetic Field Using an Orbiting Superconducting Gravity Gradiometer: Theoretical Principles, Bahram Mashhoon, Ho Jung Paik, and Clifford Will, Physical Review D, Vol. 39, No. 10 p. 2825, May 1989. Provides a summary analysis of Maxwells equations for gravitation, and an in-depth analysis of the Gravity Probe-B orbital gyroscope experiment for detecting the earth's gravitomagnetic field. 15. Analogy Between General Relativity and Electromagnetism for Slowly Moving Particles in Weak Gravitational Fields, Edward G. Harris, American Journal of Physics, Vol. 59 No. 5, May 1991. Derives Maxwells equations for gravitation from GR in the case of non-relativistic velocities and relatively weak field strengths. A somewhat more direct method of derivation is used compared with the PPN formulation used by Braginsky, et al. 16. Gravitation and Inertia, Ignazio Ciufolini and John Wheeler, Princeton Series in Physics, Princeton University Press (1995), Chapter 6 -- The Gravitomagnetic Field and its Measurement. Derives the electromagnetic analog of the gravitational field equations, and provides in-depth analysis of experiments for detecting the gravitomagnetic field. 17. Causality, Electromagnetic Induction, and Gravitation. Oleg Jefimenko, Electret Scientific Publishing, Star City WV (1992). Jefimenko derives the electromagnetic field equations based on retarded sources, (charges, moving charges, and accelerating charges). He applies similar arguments to the gravitational field equations. If gravitational energy propagates at any finite speed, the gravito-magnetic field must exist. Maxwells equations for gravitation are presented. He also presents an unusual configuration of mass which is predicted to provide an antigravity effect. 18. Physics Review Letters, Vol. 16, p. 1902, B.S. Dewitt (1966) Dewitt was the first to analyze fluxoid quantization in a superconductor in the presence of a time varying magnetic-type gravitational field. 19. The London Equations for Superconductors in a Gravitational Field, D.K. Ross, Journal of Physics A, Vol. 16, p. 1331. (1983) Maxwell's equations for gravitation are presented in vector form. Ross uses the name coined by Forward for the gravitomagnetic field -- the prorotational field. Fluxoid quantization is analyzed in the presence of a varying gravitomagnetic field. Ross establishes that the momentum of a charged particle in an electromagnetic and gravitational field is given (in MKS units) by: p = mv +qA + mV, where V is the gravito-magnetic vector potential, and A is the magnetic vector potential. The resulting modified London equations are presented in covariant form. 20. Effects of a Gravitomagnetic Field on Pure Superconductors, Ning Li and Douglas Torr, Physical Review D, Vol. 43, No.2, p457, January 1991. Li and Torr present Maxwell's equations for gravitation using MKS units. The equations are given in a form where the gravitomagnetic permeability of a superconductor material is presumed to be different than the permeability of free space. Vector equations for the gravitational potentials are also presented. The canonical momentum is derived (same finding as Ross paper). It is established that an electrical current also results in a mass current, and an inter-relationship is derived between the magnetic field and gravitomagnetic field in a superconductor. It is established that the magnetic flux in a superconductor is a function of the gravitomagnetic permeability, and vice versa, resulting in a more rigorous form of the Meissner equation and the London theory. It is shown that the gravitomagnetic field must have a relatively large size in a superconductor, and is on the order of 1011 times larger than the magnetic field. 21. Gravitational Effects on the Magnetic Attenuation of Superconductors, Ning Li and Douglas Torr, Physical Review B, Vol. 64, No. 9, p. 5489. September 1992. Li and Torr elaborate on their theory of the interrelationship of the gravitomagnetic field and the magnetic field in superconductors. It is established that the gravitomagnetic field must be sourced by spin alignment of the lattice ions. The velocity of a gravitational wave in a superconductor is estimated to be two orders of magnitude slower than the vacuum velocity, resulting in an estimate of relative gravitational permeability of a superconductor material which is as much as four magnitudes greater than free space. 22. Gravitoelectric-Electric Coupling Via Superconductivity, Douglas Torr and Ning Li, Foundations of Physics Letters, Vol. 6, No. 4, p. 71, (1993). Torr and Li continue their analysis of gravitational effects in superconductors. Abstract: "Recently we demonstrated theoretically that the carriers of quantized angular momentum are not the Cooper pairs but the latice ions, which must execute coherent localized motion consistent with the phenomenon of superconductivity. We demonstrate here that in the presence of an external magnetic field, the free superelectron and bound ion currents largely cancel providing a self-consistent microscopic and macroscopic interpretation of near-zero magnetic permeability inside superconductors. The neutral mass currents, however, do not cancel, because of the monopolar gravitational charge. It is shown the coherent alignment of lattice ion spins will generate a detectable gravitomagnetic field, and in the presence of a time- dependent applied magnetic vector potential field, a detectable gravitoelectric field." 23. Proposal for the Experimental Detection of Gravitomagnetism in the Terrestrial Laboratory, Robert Becker, Paul Smith, and Heffrey Bertrand. September 1995. Published on the web at http://www.inetarena.com/~noetic/pls/RBecker/Gmexp2.htm. Becker, et al, demonstrate mathematically that a significant gravitomagnetic field must exist concurrently with a magnetic field in a superconductor whenever there is flux pinning or other forms of flux trapping. An experiment is proposed whereby a small hole is made in a superconductor, flux is trapped in the hole, and the gravito-magnetic field is detected by measuring counter- torque from a macroscopic cylindrical mass inserted through the hole. 24. International Journal of Theoretical Physics, K. Nordtvedt, Vol 27, p1395-1403. 1988. The gravitomagnetic field is indirectly detected by astronomical observations of the periastron precession rate of the binary pulsar PSR 1913+16. 25. Test of the Lense-Thirring Orbital Shift Due to Spin, Ignazio Ciufolini, Federico Chieppa, David Lucchesi, and Francesco Vespe. Classical and Quantum Gravitation, Vol 14 p2710-2726. 1997. The gravitomagnetic field which results from the earth's rotation is experimentally detected and measured by laser tracking of the LAGEOS II satellite. The results agree with the Lense-Thirring derivation from General Relativity. 26. A Possibility of Gravitational Force Shielding by Bulk YBa2Cu3O7-x Superconductor, E. Podkletnov and R. Nieminen, Physica C Vol. 203, p. 441, (1992). Podkletnov describes an experiment where a 2% reduction in weight is created in a mass suspended over a levitated and rotating super-conductor disk. A detailed compilation of information about this experiment is available on the web at http://www.inetarena.com/~noetic/pls/gravity.html. 27. Weak Gravitational Shielding Properties of Composite Bulk Yba2Cu3O7-x Superconductor Below 70K Under EM Field, Eugene Podkletnov, LANL Physics Preprint Server, Cond-Mat/9701074, January 1997. Podkletnov provides greater detail about his experimental apparatus and the construction of the superconductor disk. Available on the web at http://www.gravity.org/msu.html. Additional Sources The following items give the technical details of NASA's ongoing work to replicate Podkletnov's experiment. Dr. Li, mentioned elsewhere in this paper, is one of the researchers. http://ro.com/~preavis/Delta-G/Physica-C.htm Static Test for A Gravitational Force Coupled to Type II YBCO Superconductors, Ning Li*, David Noever, Tony Robertson, Ron Koczor, and Whitt Brantley NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812 and *The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, 35804. Physica C Preprint. http://ro.com/~preavis/Delta-G/Delta-G_investig.htm High Temperature Superconductor Research (Project 96-07), Investigators: R.J. Koczor/EA01, D.A. Noever/ES76, G.A. Robertson/EP32, Ning Li/UAH. The following items by Modanese are the most detailed theoretical analyses of the Tampere Effect given to date. Modanese's basic idea is that the rotating superconductor is a macroscopic quantum-coherent state (Bose-Einstein condensate) which affects gravity by means of modifying Einstein's cosmological constant term in the gravity-field equations. This mechanism appears to be different from, but possibly closely related to, the gravitomagnetic field discussed above in this article. In any case, it is plausible to think, or at least to suggest, that the unpaired nuclear spins in Wallace's special materials also comprise a macroscopic quantum-coherent state and thus could act as proposed by Modanese's theory. http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/gr-qc/9612022. Possible quantum gravity effects in a charged Bose condensate under variable e.m. field, G. Modanese, J. Schnurer. http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/hep-th/9601160. Role of a "Local" Cosmological Constant in Euclidean Quantum Gravity, G. Modanese. Phys.Rev. D54 (1996) 5002-5009 http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/hep-th/9508018. General properties of the decay amplitudes for massless particles Authors: G. Fiore, G. Modanese. Nucl.Phys. B477 (1996) 623-651. http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/hep-th/9505094. Theoretical analysis of a reported weak gravitational shielding effect, G. Modanese. Europhys.Lett. 35 (1996) 413-418. http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/hep-th/9410086. Vacuum correlations at geodesic distance in quantum gravity, G. Modanese (INFN, Trento, and Max-Planck-Institut, Muenchen), report U.T.F. 332, July 94. Riv. Nuovo Cim. 17 (1994). APPENDIX-- SI (MKS) Dimensisons of the Gravitomagnetic Field.
Gravitoelectric Charge = Kg Gravitoelectric Field = Meter/Sec-Squared Gravitoelectric Flux Density = Kg/Meter-Squared Mass Current = Kg/Sec = (Weber/Meter)(Coul/Meter)
Gravitomagnetic Dipole Moment =
(Kg)(Meter-Squared)/Sec
Gravitoelectric Dipole Moment =
(Kg)(Meter) Gravitomagnetic Charge = (Velocity)(Meter) = Square-Meter/Sec
Gravitomagnetic Field = (Mass
Current)/Meter = Kg/Sec-Meter
Gravitomagnetic Flux Density = (Gravitomagnetic
Charge)/Meter^2
Gravitoelectric Scalar Potential =
Joule/Kg
Gravitomagnetic Vector Potential =
(Gravitomagnetic Charge)/Meter
Gravitoelectric Permitivity =
Gravitoelectric Flux per Gravitoelectric Field
Gravitomagnetic Permeability =
Gravitomagnetic Flux per Gravitomagnetic Field
Assuming Transverse Gravitational
Waves Propagate at Light Speed --
AntigravityDefinite Anti-Gravitic Potentials
Townsend Brown and His Anti-Gravity
Discs Thomas Townsend Brown has been flying strange metal saucer-like discs of his own secret design and make for more than 30 years - some big ones too, up to 30 inches in diameter! Mostly, Brown has flown his discs in good old common air. The discs are tethered to a mast or pole and the thin, double-saucer-like things fly a circle around and around the mast in free flight. Only a slight hum is audible as they fly. In the dark they glow with an eerie lavender light, revealing their motive power which is a kind of electricity. Many scientists and engineers have watched these discs fly. Under their breath, and sometimes out loud, most of them have said the force which makes Brown's discoids spin is one which every high- school physics student knows about - "Electric Wind" - and not a new principle Brown has discovered at all! One engineer told me, "The whole thing is so screwball I don't want to even talk about it!" Another said, "The device is only about one-tenth of one percent efficient." Both these statements have since been proved incorrect! Most other engineers object to the lack of mathematical substantiation presented by Brown. To engineers and scientists one equation is worth a thousand words! But even an equation is of little use unless it has values assigned to at least some of its main parts. When these were not forthcoming, from a technical point of view, it appeared Brown was walking on straw legs. Then recently Brown went to France. Under what was virtually a French Government sponsored program of research, Air-France successfully flew some of the Brown discs in a HIGH VACUUM! And that took all the "electric wind" out of the previously dissenting sails1 These tests were of a highly secret nature and, because of this, and, because they were made in a foreign nation, their results REMAIN CLASSIFIED. One by one, U.S. engineering and scientific heads are beginning to show above the storm cellars. It is now quietly admitted that perhaps Brown may have something after all! One thing he DOES have which he has not had before is a sponsor! Perhaps that is the reason for the heads showing from the cellars. There is nothing quite like having financial backing. What do Brown's inventions mean? Another kind, type, or arrangement of high-speed flight, both within our own atmosphere and in the space beyond it! How will it compare as a motive force with the rocket motors and the jet engines of today? Of course, we cannot say yet but there is nothing to indicate Brown's method will not compete most favorably with them. Brown's method has definite "anti-gravitic potentials' which their rockets or jets do not have. Because of present patent situations many details of the Brown system must be by-passed here, but it seems they represent no small item in the total picture of space flight. Since 1923 Brown and his family have spent nearly $250,000 of their own funds on experiments and research into the mysteries of that strangest of strange electrical phenomenon, the "Biefeld-Brown Effect". Electrical literature contains few writings on this subject, mostly because Brown has maintained a tight grip on the information and has not seen fit to write on the matter scientifically or otherwise. No one else has seemed inclined to research the matter. What is more American scientific journals are open to few ideas that DO NOT ORIGINATE with men CONNECTED WITH LARGE UNIVERSITY or COMMERCIAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES! I first heard of Townsend Brown and his Biefeld-Brown Effect from Mr. Arlin C. Hauser. Hauser is a designer and builder of fine technical instruments in Pasadena who doesn't hold an idea at arms- length because it is "new". Hauser furnished me a copy of a monograph titled, "A SIMPLIFIED EXPLANATION OF THE APPLICATION OF THE BIEFELD-BROWN EFFECT TO THE SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEMS OF SPACE NAVIGATION". This monograph was published by Dr. Mason Rose, president of the University for Social Research, Los Angeles, but was actually written, I learned later, by Mr. Bradford Shank, a nuclear scientist, formally of Los Alamos, now engaged in engineering work for a Los Angeles aircraft valve manufacturer. Some of the information set forth in this monograph rang a bell way back in my memory. Between 1919 and 1925 I was "errand boy" in a laboratory conducting experiments with high potential, high frequency alternating currents. We were playing with a million volts at 750,000 cycles per second! A new type of electrical condenser had been built and was to be tested. It was hooked into the circuit but was not "bolted down" - it was heavy. The director stood at the switchboard; the rest of us at a respectful distance away. The switch was thrown. There was a hum, a bursting flash of green and purple light, a loud bang, a violent lurch and twist of the new condenser and that piece of apparatus lay a smoking ruin! The director said, "Gentlemen, our baby has grown up!" It is this movement manifest in an electrical condenser which is the essence of the Biefeld-Brown Effect. This movement makes the Effect highly interesting as an anti-gravitic force! The Biefeld-Brown Effect says an electrical condenser, when charged, will MOVE TORWARD its positive pole and remain so positioned UNTIL DISCHARGED, if free to do so, regardless of WHICH POLE or WHICH SIDE of the dielectric is made positive. This movement does not disregard the time-honored "law" which indicates every action carries within it an equal reaction. The reaction, as in gravitation, is present BUT NOT OBVIOUS. The reaction is a finite but vanishingly small movement of all the other matter in the Universe. But the nearest masses are affected first and most! The Effect was first observed when the condenser plates were charged with a DIRECT CURRENT. But the experience noted above, which was observed subsequently during other experiments, indicates something of the same phenomenon is present when condensers are charged with ALTERNATING current also - but probably not as effectively or as lastingly. While these alternating current condenser MOVEMENTS were noted at the time, especially when the condensers were initially charged after a long and complete discharge, those directing the research then believed the movements were due to resonances set up within the apparatus by the 60-cycle feed currents. Thus, this phenomenon, though noted, was never investigated by the group to which I was attached. This electrical condenser movement is believed to have been first perceived and examined by Dr. Paul Alfred Biefeld, professor of physics and astronomy, Denison University, Granville, Ohio, sometime before 1923. However, search of the Denison University's own published scientific records does not indicate Dr. Biefeld wrote anything regarding this discovery while there. Dr. Lawrence Biefeld, a son of Dr. Paul Alfred Biefeld, writes me that he does not recall his father ever having mentioned discovering such an effect! However, Mr. Bradford Shank who has been intimately associated with several phases of the Townsend Brown Foundation and its work for several years relates that Dr. Biefeld did originate the initial research into the Effect itself and also directed Townsend Brown, then a student at Denision University, in Brown's early interest in the matter. Although the Effect may have been recognized first by Dr. Biefeld, a greater part of the development research and ALL the practical application of it has been carried on by Brown - mostly at his own expense, over a period of more than 30 years. Apparently the Effect was named by someone else writing a report on the subject. But had it not been for Townsend Brown's long interest and research this Effect might remain unrecorded and unexploited still! Evidence indicates the entire Universe, from the greatest systems of stars and their planets down to the smallest atom and its parts - hydrogen - operates on only three basic forces - electricity, magnetism and gravitation. These three forces may be entirely separate and different or they may be only different phases of the same force, a Universal force we have not yet distinguished as such. Regardless of this, we know the relationship between electricity and magnetism and we know this relationship is brought about and maintained by the very simple COIL OF WIRE! It is quite possible, through the Biefeld-Brown Effect, we have come upon the relationship between electricity and gravitation, a relationship being brought about and maintained through the very simple electrical condenser! If each of these three forces is considered separately, we find little of practical value in any of them! It is only through combinations of two, and perhaps more, that we begin to use them. Aside from the researches into the Biefeld-Brown Effect carried on by Mr. Brown science has done practically nothing toward developing the relationship between electricity and gravitation. Most scientists today will admit a weak COUPLING EFFECT DOES EXIST BETWEEN GRAVITATION AND ELECTRICITY but any practical use of this coupling effect they deny! Standing almost alone in this belief Mr. Brown has maintained his position regarding the matter stubbornly, faithfully, and devotedly. If a simple, two-plate electrical condenser (FIGURE 1) is suspended by a cord in such a way as to allow it complete freedom to to move in any direction, except downward of course, and this condenser is charged with the proper amount and pressure of direct electric current the instrument will swing TOWARD the side holding the POSITIVE CHARGE. If this same condenser is discharged, the positive and negative wires switched and connected oppositely, when recharged the condenser will swing in the OPPOSITE DIRECTION. If the condenser is placed upon one side of a balanced beam (FIGURE 2) with enough weight opposite it to continue the balance and if the positive pole is pointed up, when the condenser is charged the weight on the opposite side of the beam will fall and the entire condenser WILL RISE! This shows that some of the "weight" of the condenser has been relieved. If the positive pole now is reversed, when the condenser is again charged the weight on the opposite end of the beam WILL BE LIFTED! This illustrates gravitic affect. This is the Biefeld-Brown Effect. As far is now known it is the only method of affecting the gravitational field electrically! However, apparently there are several other research programs now under way attempting to establish an electro-gravitic relationship. One of the mysteries of this Effect is that it APPEARS TO BE AFFECTED BY TIME! Time does not do away with the Effect completely, but it does appear to minimize it temporarily. This was noted first by Brown during experiments located in a closed room. He watched his discs through a telescope from outside the room. Brown observed that after a time the discs did not swing quite so far as initially, in either direction, with the same electric charge. I understood from Mr. Shank that this point was discussed with Albert Einstein but what Mr. Einstein had to say remains unknown to me. The phenomenon might be accounted for by subtle atomic structural breakdowns in the dielectric material, or in the plate material, or both. After a time, following a complete discharge, these breakdowns mend themselves. The intensity with which the Biefeld-Brown Effect may act is determined by five factors. Ultimate intensity cannot possibly be obtained by a combined use of all five factors - each in their separate ultimates! A compromise must be made. This is not as grave a disadvantage as it might seem at first, for it will allow an almost endless arrangement of factors in any given disc or ship. The best combination of these then may be chosen and applied to a wide variety of practical conditions which will surely arise in everyday aeronautical or astronautical flight. 1) PROXIMITY OF PLATES The first factor regulating the intensity of the Effect is controlled by the closeness at which the condenser's plates can be set. If the charging pressure - or voltage - is high then the plates will have to be farther apart than for lower voltages -using the same dielectric. If it is necessary to charge the condenser quickly a higher voltage is needed than if more time can be taken. Hence, the closer the condenser plates the greated the Effect gained - other circumstances remaining the same. 2) DIELECTRIC CONSTANT The second factor is the ability of the material chosen as a dielectric to store electrical energy. There are many kinds of dielectrics: glass, mica, rubber, paper, bakelite, air, ceramics, and many of the plastics. A dielectric is any material which opposes the flow of an electric current and at the same time is capable of storing the electrical energy as an "elastic stress." The action resembles the squeezing of a soft rubber ball. The muscles in your hand represent the electric voltage. They squeeze the ball's sides together. The sides remain squeezed until your muscles release their pressure, then the sides jump back into their original shape. A dielectric will absorb an electric charge until its capacity has been reached. Then it will either hold that charge as long as the charging force is present, or it will rupture and the pressure will leak away, or if the accumulated pressure becomes greater than the charging pressure it will discharge itself back into the charging circuit! This last can raise the devil! Some dielectrics are capable of absorbing a great quantity of electrical energy if that energy is applied slowly at moderate pressure, but they break down if called upon to act quickly. O ther dielectrics, like lead-free glass, can be charged and discharged thousands of times a second at high pressures. The measure of a dielectric's ability is called the "K" of the material. The higher the K, the greater is the Biefeld-Brown Effect. 3) INTENSITY A third factor in creating intensity of the Effect is the AREA of the dielectric's charging plates. The discs are used edgewise, and the greater their area, the greater the Effect obtained. 4) VOLTAGE A fourth factor has to do with the VOLTAGE, or pressure used to charge the condenser's plates. The higher the voltage, the greater the Effect. Also, the higher the voltage the shorter the time required to charge a given condenser size. But the voltage must not be so high as to puncture the dielectric, the condenser is permanently, or temporarily ruined - depending upon its ability to "heal" itself. Solid dielectrics cannot heal themselves. Fluids heal themselves almost as soon as punctured. (the reason for using OIL filled capacitors...Vangard) 5) MASS (SURFACE AREA) The fifth and last factor is the MASS ofthe dielectric. The greater the mass, the larger the Effect. These points all are important. They make it clear that by a not too complicated electrical arrangement which allows the changing of many positive pole positions at will an astronautical vehicle could be controlled. Since a circle contains the greatest number of square units of surface for a given dimension (a torus has even greater surface area...Vangard), it seems obvious that a shallow, disc-shaped vehicle could use this type of energy field to greatest advantage. It would be charged differently than the models because it could carry its own charging equipment on board. The input energy of some models tested in California quite some time ago (they do not represent present experimental attainments) was about 50 watts, or the requirements of a small light bulb. The weight of these units was about 1200 grams, or around 42 ounces, or near two and 6/10 pounds. The efficiency of propulsion was 2%. Unless scientific findings are discounted, we must assume the voltage of atmospheric electricity rises as the distance from the earth's surface increases. At low altitudes we sometimes record an increase of 100 volts for EVERY THREE FEET IN ELEVATION. But this increase RISES WITH ALTITUDE. It is believed that in that ionosphere a potential of 100 volts may occur within only four inches! Even though a discoid-shaped vehicle could be relatively thin, compared to its diameter, still it would be many times four inches thick. Hence, it would be subjected to tremendous differentials of external electric pressure over its extreme dimensions. How will this affect the Biefeld-Brown Effect - or any electrically propelled vehicle? Some say, not at all. Others see it as a sizable barrier! Anti-gravity devices apparently are being experimented with from a number of directions. Once any one of them becomes practical a whole new horizon will unfold before mankind. At the present time (1958) some 19 patent applications, covering the Biefeld-Brown Effect and its various applied forms, are being worked on. A new laboratory is also being built. Will Mr. Brown be the first Earthman to build and fly a FLYING SAUCER? ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Vangard notes.. The Law of Equilibrium includes Density. All things Rise or Fall to their own Density. This density can consist of energy in many forms, electric, magnetic, tachyon, etc. Note the remark regarding the higher voltage potentials in the upper atmosphere. Both the Brown disc and the Searle disc rely on very high voltage potentials to provide lift. The question is whether the electricity seeks its own upper atmosphere level or does it cause some kind of stress in some other type of energy to cause repulsion from the Earth surface or ATTRACTION TO A LAYER EQUIVALENT TO ITS OWN.
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